[游览卢浮宫] 卢浮宫讲解

　　我最早知道卢浮宫是在少年时代。那时候我刚刚学习美术，几乎每个星期天都去书店或图书馆，费尽心思寻觅那些可以开阔眼界、启发思路的经典之作。许多书中描述的卢浮宫于是不知不觉就在我心中占据了永远也抹不掉的位置，蒙娜丽莎、维纳斯也就成了一个求学少年顶礼膜拜的女神……
　　2003年的秋天和2004年的春天，借中法文化年摄影家交流项目的机会，我终于来到了巴黎，走进了卢浮宫。
　　卢浮宫位于巴黎市中心塞纳河北岸，是世界上最著名、最大的艺术宝库之一。宫内收藏的艺术珍品达40万件之多，是名副其实的万宝之宫。
　　卢浮宫本身就是一件巨大的建筑艺术的瑰宝，占地面积19.8公顷，全长680米，是欧洲最雄伟、最大的宫殿建筑。其壮观的柱廊，华丽的塔楼，精美的雕刻，富丽堂皇的陈设，处处都显示出其建筑艺术之精湛绝伦。
　　卢浮宫有三大展馆:黎塞留馆、叙利馆和德农馆，分为地下一层（展厅入口）、一层、二层和三层。展厅入口处摆放着由中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室赞助印制的中文版《卢浮宫博物馆导游图》，供人免费取用，让我们这些来自中国的观众感到格外亲切。卢浮宫的展品共分为九大部分：卢浮宫的历史和中世纪的卢浮宫，古代东方文物、伊斯兰艺术，古代埃及文物，古代希腊、伊特鲁利亚及古罗马文物，雕塑，工艺品，绘画，书画刻印艺术，以及刚刚于2004年向公众开放的非洲、亚洲、大洋洲及美洲艺术。
　　“卢浮宫的历史”和“中世纪的卢浮宫”这两个展厅展示了卢浮宫的建筑历史和演变过程，从菲利浦?奥古斯特1190年建造的被称之为“卢巴哈”的要塞城堡（即后来的卢浮宫），到著名美籍华裔建筑师贝聿铭和其他建筑师在“大卢浮宫”计划中的改建工程。说到贝聿铭，不禁使我想起这位大师当年设计卢浮宫金字塔入口处的故事。那年他64岁，被法国总统密特朗邀请参加卢浮宫改建，并为卢浮宫设计了一座全新的风格非常前卫的玻璃金字塔形建筑。当时法国人非常不满，说这会毁了“法国美人”的容貌，高喊着“巴黎不要金字塔”、“交出卢浮宫”。翻译都吓倒了，几乎没有办法为他翻译出他想答辩的话。后来金字塔获得了巨大的成功，改建之后参观人数比以前翻了一倍，法国人称赞“金字塔是卢浮宫里飞来的一颗巨大的宝石”，贝聿铭也被法国总统授予了法国最高荣誉奖章。站在金字塔入口处，看着熙熙攘攘来自全世界的观众出出进进，我真为贝聿铭这位华人建筑大师感到骄傲。
　　由于时间匆忙，我们实在无法全部欣赏卢浮宫的珍宝。在法国朋友的建议下，我们选取了一条特快通道，先去欣赏卢浮宫的三件镇馆之宝：雕塑维纳斯女神、胜利女神和绘画《蒙娜丽莎》。
　　维纳斯女神又称米罗岛的维纳斯，也称阿芙罗蒂特。这尊高2.04米的雕像陈列在卢浮宫的一层，它使无数观众为之倾倒。雕像半裸着身躯，显得十分自然、端庄，被认为是表现女性美的最杰出作品。雕像是1820年在希腊米罗岛的一个山洞里发现的，同年被法国公使馆的秘书买去献给路易十八，1921年即收藏于卢浮宫。《米罗岛的维纳斯》所表现的是古希腊神话传说中爱与美的女神阿芙罗蒂特，“维纳斯”是女神的罗马名称。雕像神态优美动人，雕刻技巧精妙，至今谁也无法复原其断去的双臂，给人以无限的遐想。
　　另外一件受人瞩目的展品是创作于公元前3世纪的《萨摩屈拉克胜利女神》，即胜利女神像。她被置于二楼的楼梯口，高3.28米，从三个方向都可以看到她迎风展翅的美姿。她于1863年在希腊出土，出土时已经失去头部与双手。但她昂首挺胸，健美的身躯仍然向人们宣示着胜利的到来。据说，这是雕塑家为纪念希腊罗地岛一场海战的胜利而作。专家们把她评价为雕像中表现热情奔放与动态的最完美的作品。
　　当然，我最急切想看到的还是达?芬奇的油画作品《蒙娜丽莎》。她被誉为世界绘画的“明珠”，每天都吸引着成千上万的观众。卢浮宫博物馆为观众着想，一进展馆，就有指引你去寻找这幅名画的路标。很多与我们一样时间紧迫的观众，第一选择就是去先睹《蒙娜丽莎》的风采。这幅名画所描绘的是一位普通的意大利少妇，她衣着朴实无华，既没有珠光宝气的饰品，也没有耀眼夺目的花边丝带，她那神秘的微笑，令人捉摸不透，又让人过目难忘；似乎是高兴，又似乎有点生气；似乎是喜欢你，又似乎有点蔑视你。无论你站在什么位置去看她，她也总是在看你。在离《蒙娜丽莎》很远的地方，已经开始排起了长队，人们一步步向前挪动着。2003年秋天还允许拍照的地方，2004年的春天就出现了高声催促观众并严禁拍照的黑人女警察。那怒目呵斥的形象与身后画面中慈眉善目的美丽少妇形成了鲜明的对比。这幅由世界卓越的绘画艺术大师达?芬奇花了4年多时间才完成的杰作，仅高1米，宽70厘米，与那些悬挂于不远墙上的描写宫廷奢华生活的巨幅油画相比，乍一看还真不起眼，但她那力透纸背的艺术魅力却不知迷倒了全世界多少像我一样的观众。
　　3个多小时的时间飞快地流逝，我期待了几十年的梦想即将结束，心中多少有些无奈与遗憾，因为匆忙之中我们只能观赏到这座巨大的艺术宝库中极少部分作品。然而，法国人很幸福。听说，在法国所有国立博物馆免费为教师及18岁以下的年轻人开放，为他们组织专场讲解。享誉世界的这座卢浮宫每年接待几百万参观者，其中一半是学生。科学与艺术教育不断唤醒着法国人的敏感，催生着法国人的创造力。我想，不仅法国人，每一位步出金字塔入口处的观众，都会深深感受到卢浮宫那种令人难以估量的美学、历史学以及人类学的巨大价值，完成一次精神上的真正洗礼吧。
　　
　　In the autumn of 2003 and the spring of 2004, taking advantage of a photographic exchange project held between Shandong Province in China and Brittany in France during the Chinese-French Culture Year, I had the opportunity to visit Paris and tour the Louvre twice.
　　The Louvre is located on the northern bank of the Seine, which flows through the downtown area of Paris. As the most famous and largest art treasury in the world, the Louvre has a vast collection of more than 400,000 art treasures from all over the world.
　　The Louvre itself is a giant example of architectural art. Covering an area of 19.8 hectares with a total length of 680 meters, the Louvre is the most magnificent and largest palace building in Europe. The splendid column corridors, beautiful turrets, exquisite sculptures, and magnificent displays all make its architectural art second to none in the world.
　　The collections in the Louvre comprise nine parts: Oriental Antiquities & Islamic Art; Egyptian Antiquities; Greek, Etruscan & Roman Antiquities; Sculptures; Objets d’Art; Paintings, Prints & Drawings; History of Louvre & Medieval Louvre; Arts and Civilizations of Africa, Asia & Oceania; and the Americas.
　　The first statue worthy of being visited was the Venus de Milo, which has a height of 2.04 meters and is located on the first floor. Carved about 150 BC by the Sculptor of Antioch, an ancient city on the Maeander River, it was lost for many centuries until finally unearthed, albeit with missing arms. Known as Aphrodite to the Greeks, the Roman Venus was the Goddess of Love; and her son was known as Cupid, the Messenger of Love, to the Romans and Eros, the God of Love (in its manifestation as sexual desire), to the Greeks.
　　To this day, the Venus de Milo remains a sculptural masterpiece with few rivals. Exquisitely carved, she remains a model of ideal feminine proportions and beauty. Though no one has found or been able to restore her lost arms, this only adds to her mystique, for rapt visitors can only imagine whether she is modestly covering herself, cuddling a baby, holding something, or reaching out to her lover.
　　La Victoire de Samothrace is another remarkable statue in the Louvre Museum. With a height of 3.28 meters, it is located at the stairway leading to the second floor. From three directions, visitors can appreciate her spreading-the-wings pose. When excavated in Greece in 1863, the statue had no head or arms. However, her posture, which looks as if she is about to fly into the air, is a moving demonstration of the elation that comes with victory.
　　Perhaps the most famous and important of all the masterpieces collected in the Louvre is the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci, which attracts thousands of visitors every day. In order that visitors can easily find the place where this picture is exhibited, the museum administrators have placed some striking signposts at the entrance to direct the tourists.
　　 Though Mona Lisa is depicted as an ordinary young Italian woman in plain clothes, her mysterious smile makes all those who see her remember her forever.
　　From whatever angle you see Mona Lisa, she appears to be staring back at you; and many spend hours or perhaps a lifetime trying to discern what she is thinking or what mood lies behind her enigmatic smile. When I first visited the Louvre, many visitors were already standing in a long line, waiting to see her. In the autumn of 2003, visitors were allowed to take photos of this masterpiece on canvas. However, when I visited again in the spring of 2004, a rather large policewoman, standing in front of the picture, was quite serious about preventing visitors from shooting photos.

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