合同法中英对照

　Contract Law of the People"s Republic of China 中华人民共和国合同法

　(Adopted at the Second Session of the Ninth National People"s Congress on March 15, 1999 and promulgated by Order No. 15 of the President of the People’s Republic of China on March 15, 1999) 《中华人民共和国合同法》已由中华人民共和国第九届全国人民代表大会第二次会议于 1999 年 3 月 15 日通过，现予公布，自 1999 年 10 月 1 日起施行。

　Contents General Provisions 总则 Chapter I Common Provisions 第一章 一般规定 Chapter II Making of the Contract 第二章 合同的订立 Chapter III Validity of the Contract 第三章 合同的效力 Chapter IV Fulfillment of the Contract 第四章 合同的履行 Chapter V Modification and Transfer of the Contract 第五章 合同的变更和转让 Chapter VI Termination of Rights and Obligations under the Contract 第六章 合同的权利义务终止

　Chapter VII Liability for Breach of Contract 第七章 违约责任 Chapter VIII Miscellaneous Provisions Specific Provisions 第八章 其他规定 Chapter IX Purchase and Sale Contracts 第九章 买卖合同 Chapter X Contracts for the Supply and Consumption of Electricity, Water, Gas or Heat 第十章 供用电、水、气、热力合同 Chapter XI Donation Contracts 第十一章 赠与合同 Chapter XII Loan Contracts 第十二章 借款合同 Chapter XIII Lease Contracts 第十三章 租赁合同 Chapter XIV Contracts for Financial Lease 第十四章 融资租赁合同 Chapter XV Work Contracts 第十五章 承揽合同 Chapter XVI Construction Project Contracts 第十六章 建设工程合同 Chapter XVII Carriage Contracts 第十七章 运输合同 Chapter XVIII Technology Contracts 第十八章 技术合同 Chapter XIX Contracts of Deposit 第十九章 保管合同 Chapter XX Warehousing Contracts 第二十章 仓储合同 Chapter XXI Entrustment Contracts 第二十一章 委托合同

　Chapter XXII Brokerage Contracts 第二十二章 行纪合同 Chapter XXIII Intermediation Contracts 第二十三章 居间合同 Supplementary Provisions 附则 General Provisions 总则 Chapter I Common Provisions 第一章一般规定 Article 1 This Law is enacted for the purpose of protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the parties to contracts, maintaining the socio-economic order and promoting the socialist modernization. 第一条为了保护合同当事人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序，促进社会主义现代化 建 设 ， 制 定 本 法 。

　Article 2 For the purpose of this Law, a contract means an agreement on the establishment, alteration or termination of a civil right-obligation relationship between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations as subjects with equal status. 第二条本法所称合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止 民 事 权 利 义 务 关 系 的 协 议 。

　Agreements on establishing such personal relationships as marriage, adoption and guardianship shall be governed by the provisions of other laws. 婚 姻 、 收 养 、 监 护 等 有 关 身 份 关 系 的 协 议 ， 适 用 其 他 法 律 的 规 定 。

　Article 3 The parties to the contract have equal legal status, and neither party may impose its will on the other. 第三条合同当事人的法律地位平等，一方不得将自己的意志强加给另一方。

　Article 4 The parties shall, pursuant to law, have the right to enter into a contract on their own free will, and no unit or person may unlawfully interfere. 第四条当事人依法享有自愿订立合同的权利，任何单位和个人不得非法干预。

　Article 5 The parties shall observe the principle of equity in defining each other"s rights and obligations. 第 五 条 当 事 人 应 当 遵 循 公 平 原 则 确 定 各 方 的 权 利 和 义 务 。

　Article 6 The parties shall observe the principle of good faith in exercising their rights

　and fulfilling their obligations. 第 六 条 当 事 人 行 使 权 利 、 履 行 义 务 应 当 遵 循 诚 实 信 用 原 则 。

　Article 7 The parties shall, in making and fulfilling the contract, abide by laws and administrative regulations and respect social ethics, and may not disrupt the socio-economic order nor impair social and public interests. 第七条当事人订立、履行合同，应当遵守法律、行政法规，尊重社会公德，不得扰乱社会经济秩序，损害社会公共利益 Article 8 A legally executed contract has legal binding force on the parties. The parties shall fulfill their obligations as contracted, and may not arbitrarily modify or terminate the contract. 第八条依法成立的合同，对当事人具有法律约束力。当事人应当按照约定履行自己 的 义 务 ， 不 得 擅 自 变 更 或 者 解 除 合 同 。

　A legally executed contract is protected by law. 依 法 成 立 的 合 同 ， 受 法 律 保 护 。

　Chapter II Making of the Contract 第 二 章

　合 同 的 订 立 Article 9 The parties shall, when making a contract, have corresponding capacity for civil rights and civil conduct. 第九条当事人订立合同，应当具有相应的民事权利能力和民事行为能力。

　A party may, in accordance with the law, entrust an agent to make a contract. 当 事 人 依 法 可 以 委 托 代 理 人 订 立 合 同 。

　Article 10 The parties may, when making a contract, use written form, verbal form or any other form.第十条当事人订立合同，有书面形式、口头形式和其他形式。

　The written form shall be adopted if laws or administrative regulations so require. The written form shall be adopted if the parties so agree. 法律、行政法规规定采用书面形式的，应当采用书面形式。当事人约定采用书面形 式 的 ， 应 当 采 用 书 面 形 式 。

　Article 11 "Written form" as used herein means any form which renders the information contained in a contract capable of being reproduced in tangible form such as a written agreement, a letter, or electronic text (including telegram, telex, facsimile,

　electronic data interchange and e-mail). 第十一条书面形式是指合同书、信件和数据电文（包括电报、电传、传真、电子数 据 交 换 和 电 子 邮 件 ）

　等 可 以 有 形 地 表 现 所 载 内 容 的 形 式 。

　Article 12 The content of a contract is determined by the parties and generally includes the following clauses: 第 十 二 条 合 同 的 内 容 由 当 事 人 约 定 ， 一 般 包 括 以 下 条 款 ：

　(1) designations or names and addresses of the parties; （ 一 ）

　当 事 人 的 名 称 或 者 姓 名 和 住 所 ； (2) the targeted matter; （ 二 ）

　标 的 ； (3) quantity; （ 三 ）

　数 量 ； (4) quality; （ 四 ）

　质 量 ； (5) price or remuneration; （五）价款或报酬； (6) time, place and mode of fulfillment; （六）履行期限、地点和方式 (7) liability for breach of contract;

　（七）违约责任； (8) dispute settlement. （ 八 ）

　解 决 争 议 的 方 法 。

　The parties may make contracts with reference to various model contract forms. 当 事 人 可 以 参 照 各 类 合 同 的 示 范 文 本 订 立 合 同 。

　Article 13 The parties shall, in making a contract, take the form of offer and acceptance. 第 十 三 条 当 事 人 订 立 合 同 ， 采 取 要 约 、 承 诺 方 式 。

　Article 14 An "offer" is an intent indication showing the desire to enter into a contract with others, and the intent indication shall conform to the following provisions:

　第十四条 要约是希望和他人订立合同的意思表示，该意思表示应当符合下列规定：

　(1)the content indicated shall be concrete and definite; （一）内容具体明确； (2) the offeror shall, as is indicated, be bound by the intent indication upon its acceptance by an offeree. （二）表明经受要约人承诺，要约人即受该意思表示约束。

　Article 15 An invitation for offer is an intent indication showing the desire to receive offers from others. Mailed or delivered price catalogs, auction announcements, invitations for bid, capital-raising prospectus and commercial advertisements are such invitations for offer. 第十五条 要约邀请是希望他人向自己发出要约的意思表示。寄送的价目表、拍卖公告、招标公告、招股说明书、商业广告等为要约邀请。

　A commercial advertisement shall, if its content conforms to the provisions regarding offers, be deemed an offer. 商业广告的内容符合要约规定的，视为要约。

　Article 16 An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree. 第十六条 要约到达受要约人时生效。

　If a contract is made in the form of text in electronic data and the receiver has designated a special receiving system to receive such data text, the time at which the text in electronic data enters the designated special system shall be the time of arrival; if no special receiving system is designated, the time at which the text in electronic data first enters any of the receiver"s systems shall be the time of arrival. 采用数据电文形式订立合同，收件人指定特定系统接收数据电文的，该数据电文进入该特定系统的时间，视为到达时间；未指定特定系统的，该数据电文进入收件人的任何系统的首次时间，视为到达时间。

　Article 17 An offer may be withdrawn. The withdrawal notice of an offer shall reach the offeree before or at the same time as the arrival of the offer at the offeree.

　第十七条 要约可以撤回。撤回要约的通知应当在要约到达受要约人之前或者与要约同时到达受要约人。

　Article 18 An offer may be revoked. The revocation notice of an offer shall reach the offeree before the dispatch of an acceptance notice by the offeree. 第十八条 要约可以撤销。撤销要约的通知应当在受要约人发出承诺通知之前到达 受 要 约 人 。

　Article 19 An offer may not be revoked under any of the following conditions: 第十九条 有下列情形之一的，要约不得撤销：

　(1)the offeror has specified a time limit for the acceptance, or has explicitly indicated in any other manner the irrevocability of the offer; （一）要约人确定了承诺期限或者以其他形式明示要约不可撤销； (2) there are grounds for the offeree to maintain the irrevocability of the offer and the offeree has made preparations for the fulfillment of the contract. （二）受要约人有理由认为要约是不可撤销的，并已经为发行合同作了准备工作 。

　Article 20 An offer loses its effect under any of the following conditions: 第二十条 有下列情形之一的，要约失效：

　(1) a rejection notice of the offer has reached the offeror; （一）拒绝要约的通知到达受要约人； (2) the offeror has revoked the offer pursuant to law; （二）要约人依法撤销要约； (3) when the fixed time limit for acceptance expires, the offeree undertakes no acceptance;

　（三）承诺期限届满，受要约人未作出承诺； (4) the offeree makes a substantial change of the content of the offer. （ 四 ）

　受 要 约 人 对 要 约 的 内 容 作 出 实 质 性 变 更 。

　Article 21 An acceptance is an assent indication of the offeree to an offer. 第二十一条 承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示。

　Article 22 An acceptance shall be made in form of a notice, unless, in light of trade practices or as indicated by the offer, the offeree may indicate the assent by performing an act. 第二十二条 承诺应当以通知的方式作出，但根据交易习惯或者概要约表明可以通 过 行 为 作 出 承 诺 的 除 外 。

　Article 23 An acceptance shall reach the offeror within the time limit fixed by the offer. 第 二 十 三 条 承 诺 应 当 在 要 约 确 定 的 期 限 内 到 达 要 约 人 。

　If no time limit is fixed by the offer, the acceptance shall reach the offeror in accordance with the following provisions: 要约没有确定承诺期限的，承诺应当依照下列规定到达：

　(1) if an offer is made orally, acceptance shall be made promptly unless the parties stipulate otherwise;

　（一）要约以对话方式作出的，应当即时作出承诺，但当事人别有约定的除外； (2) if an offer is not made orally, the acceptance shall reach the offeror within a reasonable period of time. （ 二 ）

　要 约 以 非 对 话 方 式 作 出 的 ， 承 诺 应 当 在 合 理 期 限 内 到 达 。

　Article 24 If an offer is made through a letter or a telegram, the time limit for acceptance commences on the date shown on the letter or on the date the telegram is handed in for dispatch or, if no such date is shown on the letter, from the date shown by the postmark of the letter. If an offer is made by means of instantaneous communications such as telephone or facsimile, the time limit for acceptance commences at the moment that the offer reaches the offeree. 第二十四条 要约以信件或者电报作出的，承诺期限自信件载明的日期或者电报交发之日开始计算。信件未载明日期的，自投寄该信件的邮戳日期开始计算。要约以电话、传真等快速通讯方式作出的，承诺期限自要约到达受要约人时开始生效 。

　Article 25 A contract is executed at the time when the acceptance becomes effective. 第二十五条 承诺生效时合同成立。

　Article 26 The acceptance becomes effective when the acceptance notice reaches the offeror. If an acceptance needs no notice, it becomes effective when an act of acceptance is performed in light of trade practices or as indicated by the offer. 第二十六条承诺通知到达要约人时生效。承诺不需要通知的，根据交易习惯或者要约的要求作出承诺的行为时生效 Where a contract is made in the form of text in electronic data, the provisions of Paragraph 2, Article 16 of this Law shall be applicable to the time of arrival of the acceptance. 采用数据电文形式订立合同的，承诺到达的时间适用本法第十六条第二款的规定 。

　Article 27 An acceptance may be withdrawn. The withdrawal notice of the acceptance shall reach the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance notice reaches the offeror. 第二十七条承诺可以撤回。撤回承诺的通知应当在承诺通知到达要约人之前或者与 承 诺 通 知 同 时 到 达 要 约 人 。

　Article 28 If the offeree makes an acceptance beyond the time limit for acceptance, it shall constitute a new offer unless the offeror notifies the offeree in time that the acceptance is effective. 第二十八条受要约人超过承诺期限发出承诺的，除要约人及时通知受要约人该承诺 有 效 的 以 外 ， 为 新 要 约 。

　Article 29 If an offeree makes within the time limit for acceptance an acceptance that could reach the offeror in time under normal conditions but happens to reach the offeror beyond the limit due to other reasons, the acceptance shall be effective notwithstanding unless the offeror notifies the offeree in time that the acceptance is denied due to its delayed arrival. 第二十九条受要约人在承诺期限内发出承诺，按照通常情形能够及时到达要约人，但因其他原因承诺到达要约人时超过承诺期限的，除要约人及时通知受要约人 因 承 诺 超 过 期 限 不 接 受 该 承 诺 的 以 外 ， 该 承 诺 有 效 。

　Article 30 The content of an acceptance shall be consistent with the content of the offer. If the offeree proposes any substantial change to the content of the offer, it

　shall constitute a new offer. Changes related to the targeted matter, quantity, quality, price or remuneration, duration of fulfillment, place and mode of fulfillment, liability for breach of contract and method of dispute settlement in a contract are substantial changes to the content of an offer. 第三十条承诺的内容应当与要约的内容一致。受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更的，为新要约。有关合同标的、数量、质量、价款或者报酬、履行期限、履行地点和方式、违约责任和解决争议方法等的变更，是对要约内容的实质性变更 。

　Article 31 If an acceptance makes non-substantial changes to the content of the offer, the acceptance shall be effective notwithstanding and the content of the contract shall thus be based on the content of the acceptance, unless the offeror indicates in time its objection thereto, or as indicated in the offer, the acceptance may not make any change to the content of the offer. 第三十一条承诺对要约的内容作出非实质性变更的，除要约人及时表示反对或者要约表明承诺不得对要约的内容作出任何变更的以外，该承诺有效，合同的内容以 承 诺 的 内 容 为 准 。

　Article 32 If the parties enter into a contract in the form of a contract instrument, the contract is executed at the time when both parties put their signatures or affix their seals thereto. 第三十二条当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的，自双方当事人签字或者盖章时合同 成 立 。

　Article 33 If the parties enter into a contract in the form of letter or text in electronic data or any other forms, a confirmation instrument may be required prior to the execution of the contract. The contract is executed at the time when the confirmation instrument is signed. 第三十三条当事人采用信件、数据电文等形式订立合同的，可以在合同成立之前要 求 签 订 确 认 书 。

　签 订 确 认 书 时 合 同 成 立 。

　Article 34 The place where the acceptance becomes effective shall be the place where the contract is executed. 第 三 十 四 条 承 诺 生 效 的 地 点 为 合 同 成 立 的 地 点 。

　Where a contract is made in the form of text in electronic data, the receiver"s major place of business is the place of execution of the contract; in the absence of a major

　place of business, the receiver"s habitual residence is the place of execution of the contract. Where the parties stipulate otherwise, such stipulations shall govern. 采用数据电文形式订立合同的，收件人的主营业地为合同成立的地点；没有主营业地的，其经常居住地为合同成立的地点。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。

　Article 35 If the parties adopt the form of a contract instrument to make a contract, the place where both parties sign or stamp the contract is the place of execution of the contract. 第三十五条当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的，双方当事人签字或者盖章的地点为 合 同 成 立 的 地 点 。

　Article 36 Where the parties fail to make a contract in written form as provided for by laws or administrative regulations or as agreed by the parties, but a party has already performed the major obligations and the other party has accepted the performance, the contract shall be considered as executed. 第三十六条法律、行政法规规定或者当事人约定采用书面形式订立合同，当事人未采用书面形式但一方已经履行主要义务，对方接受的，该合同成立。

　Article 37 If, in making a contract in the form of a contract instrument, a party has already performed the major obligations pending the signature or seal and the other party has accepted the performance, the contract shall be considered as executed. 第三十七条采用合同书形式订立合同，在签字或者盖章之前，当事人一方已经履行 主 要 义 务 ， 对 方 接 受 的 ， 该 合 同 成 立 。

　Article 38 If the State gives, according to the needs, mandatory assignments or State purchase orders, the legal persons and other organizations concerned shall conclude contracts in accordance with the rights and obligations provided for by the relevant laws and administrative regulations. 第三十八条国家根据需要下达指令性任务或者国家订货任务的，有关法人、其他组织之间应当依照有关法律、行政法规规定的权利和义务订立合同。

　Article 39 If standard clauses are used in making a contract, the party that provides the standard clauses shall determine the rights and obligations between the parties in accordance with the principle of fairness, and shall call in a reasonable manner the other party"s attention to the exemptible and restrictive clauses regarding its liability, and give explanations of such clauses at the request of the other party. 第三十九条采用格式条款订立合同的，提供格式条款的一方应当遵循公平原则确

　定当事人之间的权利和义务，并采取合理的方式提请对方注意免除或者限制其责任 的 条 款 ， 按 照 对 方 的 要 求 ， 对 该 条 款 予 以 说 明 。

　"Standard clauses" means the clauses that are formulated in anticipation by a party for the purpose of repeated usage and that are not a result of consultation with the other party in the making of the contract. 格式条款是当事人为了重复使用而预先拟定，并在订立合同时未与对方协商的条款 。

　Article 40 Standard clauses shall become invalid if they fall under any of the circumstances set forth in Articles 52 and 53 of this Law or if the party that provides the standard clauses exempts itself from the liability, imposes heavier liability on the other party, or precludes the other party from its main rights. 第四十条格式条款具有本法第五十二条和第五十三条规定情形的，或者提供格式条款一方免除其责任、加重对方责任、排除对方主要权利的，该条款无效。

　Article 41 If a dispute arises over the understanding of a standard clause, the clause shall be interpreted in accordance with its common understanding. If a standard clause has more than one interpretation, the clause shall be interpreted in a manner unfavorable to the party providing the clause. If a standard clause is inconsistent with the non-standard clause, the non-standard clause shall be adopted. 第四十一条对格式条款的理解发生争议的，应当按照通常理解予以解释。对格式条款有两种以上解释的，应当作出不利于提供格式条款一方的解释。格式条款和非 格 式 条 款 不 一 致 的 ， 应 当 采 用 非 格 式 条 款 。

　Article 42 In the making of a contract, the party that falls under any of the following circumstances, causing thus loss to the other party, shall hold the liability for the loss. 第四十二条当事人在订立合同过程中有下列情形之一，给对方造成损失的，应当承 担 损 害 赔 偿 责 任 ：

　(1) engaging in consultation with malicious intention in name of making a contract; （ 一 ）

　假 借 订 立 合 同 ， 恶 意 进 行 磋 商 ； (2) concealing intentionally key facts related to the making of the contract or providing false information; or （ 二 ）

　故 意 隐 瞒 与 订 立 合 同 有 关 的 重 要 事 实 或 者 提 供 虚 假 情 况 ； (3) taking any other act contrary to the principle of good faith.

　（ 三 ）

　有 其 他 违 背 诚 实 信 用 原 则 的 行 为 。

　Article 43 Neither party may disclose or inappropriately exploit business secrets obtained in the making of a contract no matter the contract is executed or not. The party that discloses or inappropriately exploits the said business secrets causing thus loss to the other party shall hold the liability for the loss. 第四十三条当事人在订立合同过程中知悉的商业秘密，无论合同是否成立，不得泄露或者不正当地使用。泄露或者不正当地使用该商业秘密给对方造成损失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

　Chapter III Validity of the Contract 第 三 章

　合 同 的 效 力 Article 44 A contract legally executed shall become effective upon execution. 第 四 十 四 条 依 法 成 立 的 合 同 ， 自 成 立 时 生 效 。

　Where a contract may become effective only after the completion of approval and registration procedure according to the provisions of laws and administrative regulations, such provisions shall govern. 法律、行政法规规定应当办理批准、登记等手续生效的，依照其规定。

　Article 45 The parties may agree to attach conditions on the validity of the contract. A contract with collateral conditions on its entry into effect shall become effective upon the fulfillment of the conditions. A contract with collateral conditions on its dissolution shall lose its validity upon the fulfillment of the conditions. 第四十五条当事人对合同的效力可以约定附条件。附生效条件的合同，自条件成就 时 生 效 。

　附 解 除 条 件 的 合 同 ， 自 条 件 成 就 时 失 效 。

　Where either party, for the sake of its own interests, unjustifiably prevents the fulfillment of the aforesaid conditions, the conditions shall be deemed as fulfilled; where either party unjustifiably hastens the fulfillment of the conditions, the conditions shall be deemed as not fulfilled. 当事人为自己的利益不正当地阻止条件成就的，视为条件已成就；不正当地促成条 件 成 就 的 ， 视 为 条 件 不 成 就 。

　Article 46 The parties may agree to attach a time limit for the entry into effect of a contract. A contract with an attached time limit for its entry into effect shall become

　effective upon expiry of the time limit. A contract attached with a time limit for its termination shall lose its effect upon expiry of the time limit. 第四十六条当事人对合同的效力可以约定附期限。附生效期限的合同，自期限届至 时 生 效 。

　附 终 止 期 限 的 合 同 ， 自 期 限 届 满 时 失 效 。

　Article 47 A contract entered into by a person with limited civil capacity may become valid only after ratification by his legal agent. However, a contract of such kind which is purely profit-making or the making of which is compatible to the age, intelligence and mental health of the person concerned needs no ratification by his legal agent. 第四十七条限制民事行为能力人订立的合同，经法定代理人追认后，该合同有效，但纯获利益的合同或者与其年龄、智力、精神健康状况相适应而订立的合同 ， 不 必 经 法 定 代 理 人 追 认 。

　The counterpart may urge the legal agent to give ratification within one month. Where the legal agent does not respond, the non-response shall be deemed a refusal of ratification. Pending the ratification, the bona fide counterpart has the right to rescind. The rescission shall be made by a notice. 相对人可以催告法定代理人在一个月内予以追认。法定代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。合同被追认之前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作 出 。

　Article 48 A contract that is entered into by an actor without the right of agency, in excess of the right of agency or beyond the expiration of the right of agency, in the name of a principal and without ratification by the principal, shall have no binding force on the principal, and the actor shall bear the responsibility therefor. 第四十八条行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立的合同，未经被代理人追认，对被代理人不发生效力，由行为人承担责任。

　The counterpart may urge the principal to give ratification of the contract within one month. Where the principal does not respond, the non-response shall be deemed a refusal of ratification. Pending the ratification, the bona fide counterpart has the right to rescind. The rescission shall be made by a notice. 相对人可以催告被代理人在一个月内予以追认。被代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。合同被追认之前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出 。

　Article 49 Where an actor enters, without the right of agency, in excess of the right of agency or beyond the expiration of the right of agency, into a contract in the name of a principal, and where the counterpart has grounds to believe that the actor has the right of agency, the act of agency shall be deemed as effective. 第四十九条行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立 合 同 ， 相 对 人 有 理 由 相 信 行 为 人 有 代 理 权 的 ， 该 代 理 行 为 有 效 。

　Article 50 Where a legal person, or the legal representative or the person in charge of an organization exceeds the limits of power in making a contract, the act of representation shall be effective unless the counterpart is aware or ought to be aware of the excess of the limit of power. 第五十条法人或者其他组织的法定代表人、负责人超越权限订立的合同，除相对人 知 道 或 者 应 当 知 道 其 超 越 权 限 的 以 外 ， 该 代 表 行 为 有 效 。

　Article 51 Where a person without the right of disposal disposes of another"s property, upon ratification by the obligee or if the person without the right of disposal obtains the right of disposal after making the contract, the contract shall be effective. 第五十一条无处分权的人处分他人财产，经权利人追认或者无处分权的人订立合同 后 取 得 处 分 权 的 ， 该 合 同 有 效 。

　Article 52 A contract is invalid under any of the following circumstances: 第 五 十 二 条 有 下 列 情 形 之 一 的 ， 合 同 无 效 ：

　(1) either party enters into the contract by means of fraud or coercion and impairs the State"s interests; （ 一 ）

　一 方 以 欺 诈 、 胁 迫 的 手 段 订 立 合 同 ， 损 害 国 家 利 益 ； (2) there is malicious conspiracy causing damage to the interests of the State, of the collective or of a third party; （ 二 ）

　恶 意 串 通 ， 损 害 国 家 、 集 体 或 者 第 三 人 利 益 ； (3) there is an attempt to conceal illegal goals under the disguise of legitimate forms; （ 三 ）

　以 合 法 形 式 掩 盖 非 法 目 的 ； (4) harm is done to social and public interests; or （ 四 ）

　损 害 社 会 公 共 利 益 ； (5) mandatory provisions of laws and administrative regulations are violated. （ 五 ）

　违 反 法 律 、 行 政 法 规 的 强 制 性 规 定 。

　Article 53 The following clauses on liability exemption in a contract shall be invalid: 第五十三条合同中的下列免责条款无效 (1) those causing physical injury to the other party; or （ 一 ）

　造 成 对 方 人 身 伤 害 的 ； (2) those causing losses to property to the other party by intention or due to gross negligence. （ 二 ）

　因 故 意 或 者 重 大 过 失 造 成 对 方 财 产 损 失 的 。

　Article 54 Either party has the right to request a people"s court or an arbitration institution to alter or rescind any of the following contracts: 第五十四条下列合同，当事人一方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者撤销 ：

　(1) any contract which is made under substantial misunderstanding; or （ 一 ）

　因 重 大 误 解 订 立 的 ； (2) any contract the making of which lacks fairness. （ 二 ）

　在 订 立 合 同 时 显 失 公 平 的 。

　Where a party makes the other party enter into a contract against its true will by means of deceit, coercion or taking advantage of its difficulties, the injured party has the right to request a people"s court or an arbitration institution to alter or rescind the contract. 一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段或者乘人之危，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下订立的合 同 ， 受 损 害 方 有 权 请 求 人 民 法 院 或 者 仲 裁 机 构 变 更 或 者 撤 销 。

　Where the request of the party is an alteration to the contract, the people"s court or arbitration institution shall not rescind it. 当 事 人 请 求 变 更 的 ， 人 民 法 院 或 者 仲 裁 机 构 不 得 撤 销 。

　Article 55 The right to rescind shall vanish where: (1) the party with the right to rescind has not exercised it within a year from the date on which it was aware or ought to be aware of the matter for the rescission; or （一）具有撤销权的当事人自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内没有行使撤 销 权 ； (2) the party with the right to rescind waivers its right by express indication or by its own act after it was aware of the matter for the rescission.

　（二）具有撤销权的当事人知道撤销事由后明确表示或者以自己的行为放弃撤销权 。

　Article 56 An invalid or rescinded contract does not have legal binding force from the outset. If a part of a contract becomes invalid without affecting the validity of the other parts, the other parts remain valid. 第五十六条无效的合同或者被撤销的合同自始没有法律约束力。合同部分无效， 不 影 响 其 他 部 分 效 力 的 ， 其 他 部 分 仍 然 有 效 。

　Article 57 If a contract becomes invalid, or is rescinded or terminated, the validity of its independently existing clauses pertaining to the settlement of disputes shall not be affected. 第五十七条合同无效、被撤销或者终止的，不影响合同中独立存在的有关解决争议方法的条款的效力。

　Article 58 After a contract becomes invalid or is rescinded, any property obtained under the contract shall be returned. If it is impossible or unnecessary to return the property, compensation shall be made at an estimated price. The party at fault shall compensate the other party for the loss caused by the fault. If both parties have faults, they shall bear their respective responsibilities.第五十八条合同无效或者被撤销后，因该合同取得的财产，应当予以返还；不能返还或者没有必要返还的，应当折价补偿。有过错的一方应当赔偿对方因此所受到的损失，双方都有过错的，应当各自 承 担 相 应 的 责 任 。

　Article 59 If the parties impair by malicious conspiracy the interests of the State, of the collective or of a third party, the property they have thus obtained shall be returned to the State, the collective or the third party. 第五十九条当事人恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益的，因此取得的财产 收 归 国 家 所 有 或 者 返 还 集 体 、 第 三 人 。

　Chapter IV Fulfillment of the Contract 第四章 合同的履行 Article 60 The parties shall fulfill fully their respective obligations as contracted. 第六十条当事人应当按照约定全面履行自己的义务。

　The parties shall observe the principle of good faith and fulfill the obligations of notification, assistance and confidentiality in accordance with the nature and aims of the contract and trade practices. 当事人应当遵循诚实信用原则，根据合同的性质、目的和交易习惯履行通知、协助、保密等义务。

　Article 61 For a contract that has become valid, where the parties have not stipulated the contents regarding quality, price or remuneration or the place of performance, or have stipulated them unclearly, the parties may supplement them by agreement; if they are unable to reach a supplementary agreement, the problem shall be determined in accordance with the related clauses of the contract or with trade practices. 第六十一条合同生效后，当事人就质量、价款或者报酬、履行地点等内容没有约定或者约定不明确的，可以协议补充；不能达成补充协议的，按照合同有关条款或 者 交 易 习 惯 确 定 。

　Article 62 Where the parties have unclearly stipulated related contents in a contract and fails to determine them in accordance with the provisions of Article 61 of this Law, the following provisions shall apply:

　第六十二条当事人就有关合同内容约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，适用下列规定：

　(1) in case of unclear quality requirements, the contract shall be performed in accordance with State standards or trade standards, or in the absence of such standards, in accordance with common standards or special standards conforming to the aim of the contract; （一）质量要求不明确的，按照国家标准、行业标准履行；没有国家标准、行业标 准 的 ， 按 照 通 常 标 准 或 者 符 合 合 同 目 的 的 特 定 标 准 履 行 。

　(2) in case of unclear price or remuneration stipulation, the contract shall be performed in accordance with the market price in the place of contract performance at the time of the making of the contract, or according to the government-set price or government-guided price if it is so required by law; （二）价款或者报酬不明确的，按照订立合同时履行地的市场价格履行；依法应当执行政府定价或者政府指导价的，按照规定履行。

　(3) in case of unclear stipulation of place of performance, where the payment is in cash, the contract shall be performed in the place of the cash recipient; where the payment is in real estate, the contract shall be performed in the place where the real estate is located; where other targeted matters are involved, the contract shall be performed in the place of the party fulfilling the obligations; （三）履行地点不明确，给付货币的，在接受货币一方所在地履行；交付不动产的，在不动产所在地履行；其他标的，在履行义务一方所在地履行。

　(4) in case of unclear time limit for the performance, the debtor may fulfill its obligations at any time, and the creditor may demand the fulfillment at any time, while giving the debtor necessary time to make preparations; （四）履行期限不明确的，债务人可以随时履行，债权人也...

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