适期早栽和追肥前移对烤烟产质量的影响

　　摘 要：为研究移栽时期和追肥时期对烤烟产质量的影响，以移栽时期、追肥时期二因素进行裂区试验，研究了不同处理对烤烟生长发育、烤后烟叶内在化学成分协调性、烤后烟叶物理特性和经济性状等方面的影响。结果表明：随着移栽期的推迟，大田生育期逐渐缩短。随着追肥时间的提前，各处理生育期相应缩短；适期早栽和追肥前移对烤烟品质的提高有积极影响，烟叶的物理性状以提前10 d膜下井窖式深栽+移栽之后30 d内完成氮素追肥和提前10 d膜下井窖式深栽+移栽之后25 d内完成氮素追肥最适宜；各处理产量差异不大，产值、均价、上等烟和中上等烟比例均随着移栽时期和追肥时期的提前而增大，提前10 d膜下井窖式深栽+移栽之后30 d内完成氮素追肥的栽培组合最适宜当地的烤烟生产。
　　关键词：烤烟；移栽时期；追肥时期；产质量
　　中图分类号：S572 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-060X（2016）10-0032-05
　　Abstract：In order to study the effect of transplanting period and topdressing stage on yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco， the two factors of transplanting date， dressing period carried on the split plot experiment， the effects of different treatments on the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco， the coordination of chemical components in flue-cured tobacco leaf， and the physical and economic characters of flue-cured tobacco were studied. The results showed that the growth period was shortened with the delay of transplanting date. Topdressing earlier， the growth and development stages shorten accordingly； proper early planting and topdressing in advance had positive effect on the improvement of the quality of flue-cured tobacco， the optimum physical properties of tobacco leaf under the pattern of transplanting deeply by well cellar type 10 days in advance and completed nitrogen fertilizer topdressing within 30 days after transplanting， and transplanting deeply by well cellar type 10 days in advance and completed nitrogen fertilizer topdressing within 25 days after transplanting； the yield difference was not obvious among the treatments， the output value， average price， proportion of superior tobacco leaves and secondary superior tobacco leaves were increased with the advance of transplanting time and fertilizer topdressing time， the pattern of transplanting deeply by well cellar type 10 days in advance and completed nitrogen fertilizer topdressing within 30 days after transplanting was the most suitable cultivation combination for local flue-cured tobacco production.
　　Key words： flue-cured tobacco； transplanting period； topdressing period； yield and quality
　　延长作物大田生长期的有效途径是“前拉后推”，即提前移栽和推迟成熟。但在湖南烟区，尤其是烟-稻连作区，因受后茬水稻茬口衔接的限制和生育后期高温逼熟的影响，烤烟成熟期不能太迟[1]，因此需在提前移栽方面挖掘潜力。适宜的移栽期，关系着烤烟大田的生长发育状况以及烟叶的外观表现和内在品质的形成[2-4]。在培育壮苗的基础上，适度提前移栽，配合以良好的保温措施和抗逆调控技术，确保烟苗早发，以延长大田有效生长期。施肥量影响烟草的生长发育，追肥时间的早晚对烟草的生长发育及产、质量都具有不同程度的影响[5-6]。适宜的施肥时期能促进烟株营养的合理分配，提高烟叶质量。科学合理的追肥时期和基追肥比例对烤烟烟叶优质适产具有重大意义[7]。要确保烤烟后期脱氮，可从减少施氮量和“氮肥前移”等途径来实现[8]。前人大多分别研究移栽时期对烤烟产质量的影响和追肥时期对烤烟产质量的影响[9-12]，有关移栽时期和追肥时期对烤烟的交互效应还缺乏全面系统的研究，故试验以移栽时期、追肥时期二因素，采用田间试验方法，通过比较和分析不同处理下烤烟品种湘烟3号的产量产值、物理指标及烤后烟叶内在化学成分等方面的差异及其交互效应，最终筛选出最优的组合，以期为优质烤烟的生产提供科学的依据与技术指导。

相关热词搜索：追肥 烤烟 前移 质量 影响