00604英美文学选读

00604英美文学选读篇一：2016年4月自学考试英美文学选读00604试卷及答案解释完整版

00604英美文学选读篇二：自考英美文学选读00604学习总结

[转帖]英美文学选读学习技巧

我是外贸英语大专毕业的，为了拿到本科文凭，我的首选当然是英语专业，第一年我顺利就拿到8份单科毕业证书，今年四月我只剩听说与英美文学最难的二门。通过今年考试我感受很深，也领悟很多。我想这里开一个英美文学学习技巧话题，大家能交流一下学习经验或小窍门，为没通过或即将要考英美文学同学提供多一点信息和帮助。谢谢！

首先我想与大家谈论一下参考书，我能理解大家想偷机取巧的想法，参考书必定是比课本薄得多，看上去象精选集，但事实并非如此，实际考题说明一切。考题不会超大纲，答案自然都在书上。只不过来年考题会从越来越偏僻角落去选择，所以课本也就越发重要。我现在都能想象出题老师得意笑容，"我出的题难什么，都在书上"。

当我看完第一遍书时，其过程实在是艰涩痛苦，捏着厚厚书真觉得苦海无涯，望也望不到出头之日。但奇妙的感觉在后面，当我第二，三，四遍看完，当然到后面是以翻看形式了，书本捏在手上变得越来越薄了。我认为以课本为基础，在自己脑海中形成的超薄精选集才是正直实用有效的参考书，在网上是下载不到，书店里也买不到。你所需要做的是把这课本看懂，读透，翻烂。I don't want to say this is only choice, but it actually is, and an most direct and efficient way. Dont find too much resources, which cant easy your job, but increase your burden.

我看见许多人说背不出，或怎样背。大家都是这条路上过来的难兄难弟，多半白天要上班，晚上要背书，有段时间我近似绝望，怀疑自己提早进入老年痴呆症，健忘症。我不断弄混名字，作品，时期，英美不分。就现在考题看来，题型已不是单纯浅显记忆题，而是在此基础上的综合理解题，在今年的部分选择题，简答题里都是这样。如果不掌握最基本的（纯粹背的），PASS是绝无希望。这里我介绍自己的记忆方法，这方法帮我走出维谷，希望对你们会有些帮助。

我的方法是建立一个树枝结构。复习开始时面对的最大困惑是东西太多，无从下手，而且更糟是前背后忘记，忘得比背得快，简直是没天理，花下去的时间精力似乎打了水漂。当然要让每个作家都能象对Shakespeare一样一听就有个大概印象，没有充足广泛阅读量是无法做到的。既然太深一下子沉不到海底，我索性浮起来从面上抓，我的树枝结构应运而生。可以说书前的目录就是主树杆，每个时期是树枝，每个作家便是树叉，单是这样还是很抽像很难记，加上不同的"色彩形状的叶子"，开始不用很多，节选作品，称号（e.g. the father of ..... or the Poet's Poet），相关术语（Whitman-free verse, Emerson-trascandentalism），正是这些"叶子"使树叉有其独特之处，成为记忆的载体。这样我一下子把英美文学浓缩成二张卡片，在回家上班路上忙里偷闲时看一下，记一下，背一下。嗨，各位，这真得很有效噢，在很短时间内，我可以做出60％的选择题了，并将茫然无序的思路理清。Though my tree is still in winter, "if winter comes, can Spring be far behind?"。这也许可作为根基吧，但其巩固是在这棵树枝繁叶茂的过程中，基础巩固与细节化是相辅相承的。然后我准备了一份小册子，一页一位作家，每页再加上作家主要作品，风格，特点，作品情节，语言，人物描写，功献，第一或最后本作品，最成功作品，最....，通过你不断从课本中汲取，你的树会茁壮成长，并且由重点到细节，从记忆，熟悉，理解整个过程基本附合考纲要

求，完美状态是直至差不多等于课本知识的涵盖量（这是共产主义状态，说实在的我没达到，真是革命尚未成功，同志还需努力）。

英美文学是综合学科，要通过或考好，是需要日常对英美历史背景熟悉，对大量著作的阅读，研究体会的。死记硬背真的只是应付考试的，原始而无意义手段，而且对来年的考题是没办法应付的噢！

以下还有一些小窍门，希望有帮助：

1.先复习美国文学，后英国文学；

2.美国文学可先从现实主义阶段开始，英国文学可先从维多利亚阶段开始；

3.去年考过题还会再考；

4.诗中解释较多的话，找那些能反映主题的解释多背背；明年多半是课本没有的解释了，考你的对诗理解程度了，

5。对各阶段时期特征多花功夫复习；

6.明年的理解题，综合题，比较题必然多，例如：

1.二个阶段思想，风格比较，举例说明；

2.描述一个阶段思想，风格特点，举例说明；

3.比较二个同一，不同阶段诗人，剧作家，小说家，举其作品说明；

4.详细说明一个术语，一种写作方式，风格，主义如何运用，举代表人物，作品说明，（eg, this year question: What is Allegory concerned with its implying meaning?)

刁钻复杂的题人人都可猜，我并非想例出一点希奇古怪的题扰乱你们的思路。这次四月考试，我是充满信心拿高分，对每位作家或诗人我都仔细复习到了，但题目仍是出乎我意料之外，我觉得不公平是题型已不是去年直白而水平的出题方式，是一种纵向综合题型。我想提醒明年要参加考试的同学，决不要把每个作家或时期独立复习，如果可能的话，在对每位作家或时期有一定熟悉的程度，作一点纵向的比较，不但能加深理解，对你们明年考试决对有帮助，不，是贡献。

坦白的说，这次考试当天上午，我脑海种几次想到应看一下各个时期的异同点，这是我的薄弱环节，但我仍按常理将重点放在几位重要作家写作风格的复习上了。如果明年你是第一次考英美文学，那就别满足于对各位作家的了解，如果明年你又要参加考试，也许猜一点比今年更难的题目，才能应付自如。

在英美文学上我真花很大功夫和精力（与其它的十几门课相比），开始时期我确实感到无从下手，复习得很慢很仔细但效率不高。我在这里介绍我的学习方法，只想给以后考试的同学一些提示吧！必竟是我亲身感受和经历的，希望大家能少走一些弯路。

在我开始自己的树枝结构的复习方法后，我的学习效率大大提高，那是一种直接，明确，层次分明，直达中心的感觉，我不知谁是否有过同感--课本变薄--确实一种美妙感觉，那天起我便有信心通过英美文学。树枝结构如同将不同时期分成几格抽屉，复习每位作家时就象理衣服一样将它们各就其位，而每格抽屉与其中的衣服都有其共有的独特风格，（eg. English romantic period is an age of poetry, so there are 6 poets introduced here, and natue and freedom are main concerns of theirs)。 这样就不会象一开始，对每件衣服都细细打理，一旦回头发觉身后堆了一地衣服，仍然茫然不知所措。（我曾将英国文学前二个时期来回复习二遍，恼火是进度极慢而能熟记住的东西不多，后然发觉这二个时期是最次要两个阶段。）这也是我为什么建议大家先看维多利亚时期的原因之一，将头脑清醒比较有耐心的阶段留给重点。另外，历史是从古到今，但也许逆向学习更顺一些，必竟年代越近诗人，作家写的东西比较容易接受理解，当你比较进入状态，即读起或背起课本内容很通顺时，再研究一下英语古诗，也许那些押韵，抑扬格会简单些噢！

不过由此我又想到一个好建议，是为明年第一次参加英美文学同学，也许在复习前，先翻看一下历年的考试试卷的题目，题型和答案（是如何作答的），这会使你的复习形成很强目的性，方向感，对如何抓重点，要点很有帮助。我是经常复习一段时间就去看一下历年考题，很有启发，帮你找回一些遗漏地方

00604英美文学选读篇三：00604英美文学选读

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英语国家概况名词解释系列（1）

Amerigo Vespucci----Amerigo Vespucci, a navigator, proved that the land was not India,but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after.

The Puritans----The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（2）

The Bill of Rights----In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties. The Emancipation Proclamation----After the Civil war began, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to win more support at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy. 英语国家概况名词解释系列（3）

Pilgrims Thanksgiving Day----The Pilgrims in 1620, 201 of them sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. The first winter after their arrival was very cold and when spring came, half of them were dead. Then the Indians came to their help and taught them how to grow corn. They had a good harvest that year. So they invited the Indians and held the first Thanksgiving celebration in America to give thanks to God.

The Chunnel----In 1985 the British government and French government decided to build a channel tunnel, which is called “Chunnel”, under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. The Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994. 英语国家概况名词解释系列（4）

Eisteddfod----Eisteddfod is the Welsh word for “sitting” National Eidteddfod is the most famous festival of music and verse in Wales. It takes place each August and lasts for about a week. The highlight of the festival is competition for the best epic poem about Wales written and read in Welsh. The winner is crowned Board, considered the supreme honour in Wales. In this way the Welsh people keep the Welsh language and culture alive.

Cockney----A cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells-the Bells of the church of St. Mary-LeBow in east London. 英语国家概况名词解释系列（5）

Stonehenge----It is a group of huge monuments of grant rock Slabs on salisbury plain in Southwest England built as long ago as the New Stone Age. It is generally believed that stonehenge served some sort of religious purposes.

The Celts----The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The first wave were the Gales, the second wave were the Brythons and the Belgae came about 150BC. The Celts were practised farmers. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, And their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. They religion was Druidism. 英语国家概况名词解释系列（6）

Norman Conquest----The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.

Alfred the Great----He was king of Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight against the invading Danes and maintained peace for a long time. Alfred was not only a brave king at wartime, but also a wise king at peacetime. He encouraged education and introduced a legal system. He is known as “the father of the British navy”. 英语国家概况名词解释系列（7）

1. It was one of the two great walls built

St. Augustine----In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. That year, St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.

Domesday Book----It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（8）

Geoffrey Chaucer----He was an important English poet in the fourteenth century. His best known is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of pilgrims travelling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket’s tomb. Because he was the first important English poet to write in English. He has been known as the “Father of English Poetry”.

The Black Death----It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences. 英语国家概况名词解释系列（9）

The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争----the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Hey Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.

The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命---- In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.

英语国家概况名词解释系列（10）

The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案----The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5, when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged.

Blood Mary血腥玛丽----It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Hey VIII. She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Blood Mary. 英语国家概况名词解释系列（11）

Thatcherism撒切尔主义----The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Her policies are popularly referred to as state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the

by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.

weaking of trade forces unions, the strengthening Gettysburg----It refer to the short speech of the role of market forces in the economy, and President Lincoln made when he dedicated the an emphasis on law and order. national cemetery at Gettyburg. He ended the The Trade Union Act of 1871工会法----It speech with “the government of the people, by legalized the trade unions and give financial the people, for the people, shall not perish from security. It meant that in law there was no the earth”.

difference between money for benefic purposes 英语国家概况名词解释系列（18） and collecting it to support strike action. The Red Scare----When the WWI was over, there 英语国家概况名词解释系列（12） existed a highly aggressive and intolerant Agribusiness农业产业----The new farming has nationalism. Between 1919 and 1920, the Red been called “agribusiness”, because it is equipped Scare happened. On Nov.7,1919 and Jan.2,1920, and managed like an industrial business with a the Justice Department launched two waves of set of inputs into the processes which occur on mass arrests. Over 4000 suspected Communists the farm and outputs or products which leave the and radical were arrested. farm. The New Deal----In order to deal with the British disease英国病----The term “British Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put disease” is now often used to characterize forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of Britain’s economic decline. New Deal laws and set up many efficient social 英语国家概况名词解释系列（13） security systems. The New Deal helped to save Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制----It is a American democracy and the development of political system that has been practised in Britain American economy.

since the Glorious revolution of 1688. According 英语国家概况名词解释系列（19）

to this system, the Constitution is superior to the Truman Doctrine----On Mar.12, 1949, President Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in his powers, but in practice, the real power of speech to the joint session of Congress. The monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Doctrine meant to support any country which Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. said it was fighting communism.

She reigns but does not rule. The real power lies Marshall Plan----It was announced by George in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Marshall on June.5, 1947, and was the economic Commons. aid plan for Western Europe. It was also used to Privy Council枢密院----A consultative body of prevent the loss of Western Europe into the the British monarch. Its origin can be traced back Soviet sphere.

to the times of the Norman Kings. After the 英语国家概况名词解释系列（20）

Glorious Revolution of 1688, its importance was London smog----In 195, the sulphur dioxide in gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet. the four-day London smog, an unhealthy Today, it is still a consultation body of the British atmosphere formed by mixing smoke and dirt monarch, Its membership is about 400, and with fog. It left 4000 people dead or dying. Since includes al Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the then most cities in Britain have introduced “clean House of Commons, the Archbishops of air zones” whereby factories and households are Canterbury and York, and senior British and only allowed to burn smokeless fuel. Commonwealth statesmen. Family Doctor----In order to obtain the benefits 英语国家概况名词解释系列（14） of the NHS a person must normally be registered The National Health Service----It is a very on the list of a general practitioner, sometimes important part of the welfare system in Britain. It known as a “family doctor”. The family doctor is a nationwide organization based on Acts of gives treatment or prescribes medicine, or, if Parliament. It provides all kinds of free or nearly necessary, arranges for the patient to go to free medical treatment both in hospital and hospital or to be seen at home by a specialist. outside. It is financed mainly by payments by the 英语国家概况名词解释系列（21）

state out of general taxation. People are not Marvellous Melbourne----After the gold rush in obliged to use this service. The service is 1850s and 1860s, there was an important achieving its main objectives with outstanding revolution in transport, especially with the success. network of tram and railway systems. This Comprehensive schools----Comprehensives changed the pace of urban life and the schools take pupils without reference to ability or appearance of the city and soon people were aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary calling the city “Marvellous Melbourne”. But by education for all or most of the children in a the 1890s outsiders were calling the city district. “Marvellous Melbourne” because of the bad 英语国家概况名词解释系列（15） smell of the city.

Reuters----It was founded in 1851 by the Germa Waitangi Day----In 1840 the first official n, Julius Reuter. It is now a publicly owned governor, William Hobson, was sent to negotiate company, employing over 11000 staff in 80 with Maori leaders. In 1840 Hobson, representing countries. It has more than 1300 staff journalists Queen Victoria, and some Maori chiefs, signed and photographers. the Treaty of Waitangi. Modern New Zealand The Crown Court----A criminal court that deals was founded. The anniversary of the signing, with the more serious cases and holds sessions in February 6, is celebrated as New Zealand towns throughout England and Wales. It is National Day, Waitangi Day, and is a national presided over either by a judge from the High holiday. Court of Justice or a local full-time judge. 英语国家概况名词解释系列（22）Multiculturalism----The term multiculturalism 英语国家概况名词解释系列（16） was coined in Canada in the late 1960s. It was in The Great lakes----The Great Lakes are the five official use in Australia by 1973. In other words, lakes in the northeast. They are Lake Superior under multiculturalism migrant groups are able to which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, speak their own language and maintain their own Lake Michigan (the only one entirely in the U.S.), customs. Multiculturalism as a policy recognizes Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario. They that social cohesion is attained by tolerating are all located between Canada and the United differences within an agreed legal and States expect Lake Michigan. constitutional framework.

The Mississippi----The Mississippi has been Quiet Revolution----Ever since 1763, when called “father of waters “or” old man river”. It France lost its empire in North America to and Its tributaries drain one of the richest farm England, French Canadians have struggled to areas in the world. It is the fourth longest river in preserve their language and culture. In the early the world and the most important river in the 1960s French Canadians became more vocal in United States. their protests. In particular, they complained that 英语国家概况名词解释系列（17） were kept out of jobs in government and in some Uncle Tom’s Cabin----It was a sentimental but large businesses because they spoke only French. powerful antislavery novel written by Harriet They have been struggling more rights common Beecher Stowe. It converted many readers to the which was called “Quiet revolution”. abolitionist cause.

wisemen. It was created by the Alfred was a strong king of the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king. It’s

the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.

3. William the Conqueror

William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christams Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England. 4. the battle of Hastings

In 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king.

William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two

armies met near Hasting. After a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest. 5. Domesday Book

Under William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It seemed to the English like the Book of doom on Judgement Day. 6. the Great Charter

King John’s reign caused much

discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberities, its spirit was the

limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.

7. the Hundred Years’ War It referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries. 8. Joan of Arc

She was a national heroine of France during the Hundred Years’ War. She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France. 9. the Black Death

It was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labour was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.

10. the Wars of Roses

They referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king’s power became supreme. Thdor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years. 11. Bloody Mary

Hey VIII’s daughter and a devout

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Catholic. When she became Queen, she wins the second largest number of seats persecuted and burnt many Protestants. becomes the offcial Opposition, with its So she was given the nickname own leader and “shadow cabinet”. The “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also

aims of the Opposition are to contribute remembered as the monarch who lost to the formulation of policy and the French port of Calais. legislation, to oppose government 12. Elizabeth I

proposals, to seek amendments to

One of the greatest monarchs in British government bills, and to put forward its history. She reigned England, Wales own policies in order to win the next and Ireland for 45 years and remained general election.

single. Her reign was a time of

22. the Privy Council

confident English nationalism and of Formerly the chief source of executive great achievements in literature and power. It gave the Sovereign private other arts, in exploration and in battle. (“privy”) advice on the government of 13. Oliver Cromwell

the country. Today its role is mainly The leader during the Civil War who formal, advising the Sovereign to led the New Model Army to defeat the approve certain government decrees king and condemned him to death. and issuing royal proclamation. Its Then he declared England a

membership is about 400. Commonwealth and made himself Lord 23. common law

of Protector. He ruled England till the A written law gathered from numerous restoration of charles II in 1660. decisions of the courts and other 14. the Bill of Rights

sources. In 1689, William and Mary accepted 24. the jury

the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. A legal system established in England The bill excluded any Roman Catholic since king Hey II. The jury consists from the succession, confirmed the of ordinary, independent citizens

principle of parliamentary supremacy summoned by the court: 12 persons in and guaranteed free speech within both England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the two Houses. Thus the age of and 15 persons in Scotland. In criminal constitutional monarchy began. trials by jury, the judge passes sentence 15. Whigs and Tories

but the jury decide the issue of guilt or It referred to the two party names which innocence. originated with the Glorious Revolution 25. the NHS

of 1688. The Whigs were those who The National Health Service was opposed absolute monarchy and

established in the UK in 1948 and supported the right to religious freedom based first on Acts of Parliament. This for Noncomformists. The Tories were Service provides for every resident a those who supported hereditary

full range of medical services. It is monarchy and were reluctant to remove based upon the principle that there kings. The Whigs formed a coalition should be full range of publicly

with dissident Tories and became the provided services designed to help the Liberal Party. The Tories were the

individual stay healthy. It is now a forerunners of the Conservative Party. largely free service.

16. James Watt

26. comprehensive schools The Scottish inventor who produced an State secondary schools which take efficient steam engine with rotary pupils without reference to ability and motion that could be applied to textile provide a wide-ranging secondary

and other machinery. education for all or most of the children 17. Winston Churchill

in a district. About 90 per cent of the Prime Minister of Britain during the state secondary school population in Second World War. He took over GB attend comprehensive school. Chamberlain in 1940 and received 27. public schools

massive popular support. He led his Fee-paying secondary schools which country to final victory in 1945. He was are longestablished and have gained a defeated in the general election of 1945, reputation for their high academic

but returned to power in 1951. standards, as well as their exclusiveness 18. Agribusiness

and snobbery. The boys’ public schools It refers to the new farming in Britain, include such well-known schools as because it’s equipped and managed like Eton and Harrow, and girls’ famous an industrial business with a set of schools include Roedean. Most of the inputs into the farm of processes which members of the British Establishment occur on the farm, and outputs or were educated at a public school. products which leave the farm. The 28. the Great Lakes

emphasis is upon intensive farming, The Great Lakes are the most important designes to give the maximum output lakes in the United States. They are of crops and animals.

Lake Superior, which is the largest 19. the British Constitution

fresh water lake in the world, Lake There is no written constitution in the Michigan —— the only one entirely in United Kingdom. The British

the U.S. —— Lake Huron, Lake Erie Constitution is not set out in any single and Lake Ontario. They are all located document, but made up of statute law, between Canada and the United States common law and conventions. The except Lake Michigan. Judiciary determines common law and 29. New England

interpret statues.

New England is made up of six states 20. Queen Elizabeth II

of the North-East. They are Maine, The present Sovereign, born in 1926, New Hampshire, Vermont,

came to the throne in 1952 and was Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and crowned in 1953. The Queen is the Connecticut. It is sometimes called the symbol of the whole nation, the center birthplace of America. of many national ceremonies and the 30. baby boom

leader of society. “baby boom” refers to the great

21. the Opposition

increase of birth rate between 1946 and

In the General Election, the party which

1964. People born in this period are called baby bammers

31. the Chinese Exclusion Act It was passed by the U.S. Congress in may, 1882. It stopped Chinese immigration for ten years. 32. the Bill of Rights

In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representations a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and became the first ten amendments to the

Constitution —— the Bill of Rights. 33. the Emancipation Proclamation During the Civil war, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to get more support for the Union at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves. 34. the Constitutional Convention In 1787, a conference was held in

Philadelphia to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. All the

delegates agreed to revise the Articles of Confederation and draw up a new plan of government. After struggle, the Constitution was ratified at last. This conference is called the Constitutional Convertion.

35. the Progressive Movement The Progressive Movement is a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions. It spread quickly with the support of large numbers of people across the country. It was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.

36. the Peace Conference

The Peace Conference or the Paris

Conference, began on January 18, 1919. The conference was actually a

conference of division of colonies of Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the grabbing of as much as possible from the defeated nations. It was dominated by the Big Four (the United States, Britain. France, and Italy)

37. the Truman Doctrine:

On March 12, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in a speech to the joint session of Congress. The Truman Doctrine meant to say that the U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against Communism. 38.the Marshall Plan

On June 5, 1947, the Secretary of State George Marshall announced the Marshall Plan, which meant that in order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the United States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid. 39. the New Frontier

It was the President Kennedy’s program which promised civil rights for blacks, federal aid to farmers and to education, medical care for all and the abolition of poverty.

40. checks and balances:

The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This called “checks and balances”.

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I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。

(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫

(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。 5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国。

II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征

1.Geographical position of Britain:英国的地理位置：

Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。 2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。

III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).本尼维斯山为英国最高峰，海拔1,343米。

Severn River is the longest river in

Britain (338km).塞文河是英国最长的河流。全长338公里。

Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain. (336km). 泰晤士河是英国第二大河，也是英国最重要的河。全长336公里。

Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square kilometres).讷湖（内伊湖）是英国最大的湖，位于北爱尔兰。面积为396平方公里。

River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。

Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（1,085m）斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点，1,085米。 IV. Climate 气候

1. Britain''s favorable climate 英国有利的气候条件：

Britain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The

temperature varies within a small range. 英国属于海洋性气候：冬季不过于寒冷，夏季不过于炎热。全年有稳定可靠的降雨量，气温变化幅度小。

2.The factors influence the climate in Britain:影响英国气候的因素： 1）The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by

heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;环绕四周的海水。冬天，

海水可使岛内气温升高，夏天则使气温降低，从而起到平衡季节温差的作用； 2）The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;一年四季盛行的西南风和西风在冬季从大西洋带来温暖、潮湿的空气，使气温适宜；

3）The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.北大西洋暖流经不列颠群岛西海岸，使气候变暖。 3.Rainfall 降雨量：

Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over

1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east.英国全年降雨量稳定，平均降雨量超过1000毫米。 英国北部、西部雨量过多，但是南部、东部有所缺乏。 I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）早期的居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年） 1．The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。

2． At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.约公元前2000年，从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽口陶器人。

3． The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.约公元前700年，克尔特人来到不列颠岛。

4． The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。

The first wave were the Gaels-came

about 600 BC.第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临。

The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第二次高潮是约公元前400年布立吞（不列颠）人的抵达。 The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达。

3.Reasons for limited Roman influence on Britain.罗马对不列颠的影响有限的原因。 First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons. 首先，罗马人把不列颠人当作奴隶阶段的属民来对待。其次，在四世纪对罗马人和不列颠人通婚。最后，罗马人也未影响普通不列颠人的语言和文化。

Summary: This is the second part of Chapter 2 (The Origins of a Nation). It introduced some important events and important people in England from 446 to 1066. These most important events are The Anglos-Saxons’ invasion; The Viking and Danish Invasions and The Norman Conquest.

III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)

盎格鲁—撒克逊人（公元446—871年） 1． Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.

盎格鲁—萨克逊时代（奠定了英国的基础）

In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic

tribes. 五世纪中叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠。这是三支日耳曼（条顿）部落。

In the second half of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex,

Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.六世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人，在东盎格利亚、麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居，同时也他们也把名字给了英国人。这七个主要王国（肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、东盎格利亚、麦西亚和诺森伯利亚），合称为七王国。

2．The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.最早的盎格鲁—撒克逊人改信基督教。

V．The Norman Conquest (1066)诺曼征服（公元1066年）

2．The Norman Conquest and its

consequences诺曼征服及其产生的影响。

The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his

Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman

government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the

civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were

introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.

I. Norman Rule (1066-1381) 诺曼统治（公元1066-1381）

1. William''s Rule （1066-1087）威廉一世的统治（公元1066-1087）

England''s feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror在威廉统治下的英国封建制度 ①Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. ②According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. ③William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land''s produce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons, who had become William''s tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of

allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.①在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确立。②根据此制度，国王拥有全国所有土地。③威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族，条件是换取对方服役和收租。④这些地产分散于各处，这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王。⑤已成为国王土地承租人的贵族又把土地分配给小贵族、骑士和自由民，同样换取货物和服役。⑥在封建等级底层的是农奴。⑦英国封建制独有的特色就是，无论是土地承租人还是二佃户，都必须要宣誓效忠于直接领主，而且要效忠于国王。

Contents and the significance of the

Great Charter《大宪章》的内容及意义 Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty-three clauses. Its

important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the

foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal

relationships between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land. 《大宪章》是约翰国王1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的。《大宪章》总共63条，其中最重要的内容是：(1) 未经大议会同意，不得征税；(2) 只有根据国家有关法律才能逮捕、监禁自由人以及剥夺他们的财产；(3)教会应享受其所有权利且有选举自由；（4） 伦敦和其它城镇应保留其古时的权力和特权；(5) 全国要使用统一的重量和长度度量衡。尽管人们普遍认为《大宪章》为英国的自由奠定了基础，但该宪章只是规定国王和贵族之间封建关系和法律关系的文件，保证了教会的自由，限制了国王权利。《大宪章》的精神是限制国王权力，使其在英国封建法律允许的范围内活动。 It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice. There were no

elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.大议会发展到后来演变成议会，分为上议院和下议院。其作用是咨询而非决定；也没有选举和政党。议会的最重要的部分是上议院。

IV．The Hundred Years'' War and its consequences.百年战争及其结果

The Hundred Years’ War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy in France, while the French kings coveted this large slice. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England''s desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes百年战争指1337年到1453年英法之间一场断断续续的战争，战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素。领土起因尤其是与英国国王拥有法国的阿基坦大片公爵领地有密切关系，随着法国国王势力日增，他们渴望占领这片在他们领土内的土地。经济原因则与弗兰德斯有关。弗兰德斯地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口商，但这些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国王。其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国帮助苏格兰人，以及不断觉醒的民族意识。

.The English''s being driven out of

France is regarded as a blessing for both countries. If the English had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory战争的结果：把英国人赶出法国对两个国家都是幸事：若国车人继续留在法国，那么法国人在领土和财富上所占的优势必然会阻碍分离的英国民族的发展；而法国民族被外国势力占领了众多的领土，发展更是长期受阻。

The Wars of Rose玫瑰战争

The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of

Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Hey Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much

weakened.玫瑰战争是指，从1455年到1485年，以红玫瑰为象征的兰开斯特大家族和以白玫瑰为象征的约克家族之间战争的普遍接受的名称。1485年，兰开斯特家族的后代亨利都铎取得了博斯沃恩战役的胜利，建立了都铎王朝。这些战争使英国的封建主义受到致命打击，贵族阶层受到了削弱。

III. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)伊莉莎白一世（1558年-1603年）

Elizabeth''s religious reform and her foreign policy伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策

Distinctive features of the English Renaissance英国文艺复兴的特点

1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics;

2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe;

3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native

literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating for foreign influences without being subjected by them;

4) English Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.

英国文艺复兴的五个特点：1）英国文化的复兴并不是直接通过古典作品，崦是通过受古典作品影响同时代的欧洲人实现的；2）英格兰作为一个与大陆隔离的国家，其社会历史进程很大程度上独立于欧洲其它国家；3）由于14世纪伟大的天才诗人乔叟的出现，英国本国文学得以蓬勃

发展，能够在吸收外国文学影响的同时，并未处于从属地位；4）英国文艺复兴文学首先是艺术的，其次才是哲学的和学术的；5）文艺复兴和英格兰的宗教改革在时间上有所交叉。

VI. The Civil Wars and their consequences 内战

Because of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began on August 22,1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.

The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious ( Puritan) ideology while the Crown’s traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.

由于查尔斯的“君权神授”统治权，他与议会的对质发展成了内战。战争开始于1642年8月22日，结束于1651年。最后查尔斯被处死。

英国内战又称为清教徒革命。这是议会和国王间的冲突，也是城市中产阶级的经济利益与皇室传统经济利益之间的冲突。城市中产阶级经济利益刚好与他们的宗教（清教）思想吻合，相应地，皇室传统的经济利益则与圣公会教的宗教信仰相结合在一起。英国内战不仅推翻了英国的封建制度，而且动摇了欧洲封建经济的基础。英国内战通常被看作是现代世界史的开端。

Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1485)向现代英国的过渡(1455年-1485年) The Wars of Rose玫瑰战争

The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of

Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Hey Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much

weakened.玫瑰战争是指，从1455年到1485年，以红玫瑰为象征的兰开斯特大家族和以白玫瑰为象征的约克家族之间战争的普遍接受的名称。1485年，兰开斯特家族的后代亨利都铎取得了博斯沃恩战役的胜利，建立了都铎王朝。这些战争使英国的封建主义受到致命打击，贵族阶层受到了削弱。

Mrs Thatcher撒切尔主义

Thatcherism referred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first woman prime minister in England in 1979. The main contents of her policies included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions the

strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. To some extent her program was successful and she led one of the most remarkable periods in the British economy.

I. Whigs and Tories辉格党人和托利党人 These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命。 The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for

Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。辉格党人在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人组盟组成自由党。

The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。托利党是保守党的前身

IV. The English Renaissance英国文艺复兴

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Distinctive features of the English Renaissance英国文艺复兴的特点

1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics;

2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe;

3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native

literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating for foreign influences without being subjected by them;

4) English Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.

英国文艺复兴的五个特点：1）英国文化的复兴并不是直接通过古典作品，崦是通过受古典作品影响同时代的欧洲人实现的；2）英格兰作为一个与大陆隔离的国家，其社会历史进程很大程度上独立于欧洲其它国家；3）由于14世纪伟大的天才诗人乔叟的出现，英国本国文学得以蓬勃发展，能够在吸收外国文学影响的同时，并未处于从属地位；4）英国文艺复兴文学首先是艺术的，其次才是哲学的和学术的；5）文艺复兴和英格兰的宗教改革在时间上有所交叉。

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty’s Government. The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution, the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.联合王国是君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王或女王。联合王国以君的名义,由国王或女王陛下政府治理。英国的议会制度并不是基于成文宪法,英国宪法不由单一文件构成,而由成文法,习惯法和惯例组成。司法部门裁定习惯法或解释成文法。

III．Parliament议会

1.The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.英国是中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家。议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成。

2.The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major issues of the day.议会的主要作用是：（1）通过立法；（2）投票批准税为政府工作提供资金；（3）检查政府政策和行政管理，包括拨款提议；（4）当天的议题辩论。

3.The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. In other words, the non-elected House is to act as a chamber of revision,

complementing but not rivaling the elect House.贵族院（上议院）由神职贵族和世俗贵族组成。它的主要作用是用议员的丰富经验帮助立法。换而言之，非选举的上议院是修正议院，补充而非反对由选举产生的下议院。

4.The House of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the

ultimate authority.下议院（平民院）由成人普选产生，由651名议员组成。下议院拥有最终立法权。

5.Britain is divided 651 constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons. A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.英国被划分为651个选区，每个选区选一名下议院议员。大选必须五年举行一次，但经常不到五年就进行一次选举。

IV．The Privy Council枢密院 2. Its membership is about 400, and includes all Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Common and senior British and Commonwealth

statement.它的主要成员有400人左右，

包括内阁阁员，下议院院长及英国，英联邦的高级政治家等。 V．Government Department and the Civil Service政府各部和公务员部

1. The principal Government department main includes: the Treasury, the House of office, the Foreign and Commonwealth office, the Ministry of Defense…主要的政府部门包括：财务部，内务部，外交部，国防部等。

VI．Local Government 地方政府部门 1. There are two main tiers of local

authority throughout England and Wales: counties and the smaller districts. Now, England and Wales are divided into 53 counties which are sub-divided into 369 districts.英格兰和威尔士实行两级地方政府制—郡和比郡小的区。现在英格兰和威尔士分为53个郡，郡下分为369个区。 2. Greater London is divided into 32

boroughs.大伦敦被分为32个行政区。 Chapter 8：Justice and the law 法律与司

法机构

There is no single legal system in the United Kingdom. A feature common to all systems of law in the United Kingdom is that there is no complete code. The sources of law include (1) statutes; (2) a large amount of “unwritten” or common law; (3) equity law; (4) European

Community. Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law. 联合王国不实行完全统一的法律制度。联合王国所有法律制度的一个共同特点是没有以部完整的法典。法典来源包括：（1）成文法；（2）大量的“不成文法”或习惯法；（3）衡平法；（4）欧共体法。另一个共同的特点是刑法和民法之间的区别。 II. Criminal Courts 刑事法庭

1. Criminal Courts in England and Wales 英格兰和威尔士的刑事法庭

Youth Court which try most cases

involving people under 18.青少年法庭，负责审理18岁以下青年的大多数案件。 2. Criminal courts in Scotland苏格兰的刑事法庭

There are three criminal courts in Scotland.（1）the High Court of Justiciary;(2) the sheriff court;(3) the district court. Scotland has two types of criminal procedure, know as solemn procedure and summary procedure. In solemn procedure, a defendant is tried by a judge sits without a jury.英格兰有三种刑事法院：（1）高级法院；（2）郡法院；（3）区法院。英格兰有两种刑事诉讼：庄重诉讼和即决诉讼。庄重诉讼里，被告由陪审团和法官审理。在即决诉讼中，法官独自审理，不用陪审团。

3. Criminal courts in Northern Ireland 北爱尔兰的刑事法庭

Cases involving minor summary offences are heard by magistrates’ courts presided over by a full-time legally qualified resident magistrate. County courts are primarily civil law courts. The Crown Court deals with criminal trails on indictment.

涉及轻微即决犯罪的案件由治安法庭听审，法庭由全职的法律合格的常驻治安法官主持。郡法庭主要是民事法庭。皇家刑事法庭根据起诉进行刑事审判. III．Civil Courts

民事法庭1. Civil Courts in England and Wales

英格兰和威尔士的民事法庭

Magistrates’ Courts have limited civil jurisdiction, The main courts of civil jurisdiction are County Courts, the High Court deals with the more complicated civil case. Its jurisdiction covers mainly civil and some criminal cases. It has three divisions: (1) the family Division; (2) the Chancery Division; (3) the Queen’s Bench Division.

治安法庭只有一定的民事审判权。主要行使民事司法权的是民事法院，高等法院处理更为复杂的民事案。主要包括民事案和一些刑事案，高等法院有三个分支：（1）家事庭；（2）娃哈哈官庭；（3）王室庭。 2. Civil Courts in Scotland 苏格兰的民事法庭

The Civil Courts are the sheriff court and the Court of session.民事法院包括郡法院和巡回法院（最高中心法院）。

3. Civil Courts in Northern Ireland北爱尔兰的民事法院

County Court are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates’ court also deal with certain limited classes of civil cases. The high Court of Justice the superior

civil law court.郡法院主要是民事法院。治安法庭也审理某些有限类型的民事案件。高等法院就是高级民事法院。

The National Health Service provides for every resident, regardless of income, a full range of medical services. The service was established in the U.K. in 1948. Over 82 per cent of the cost of the health

service in Great Britain id funded out of general taxation. The rest is met from: (1) the NHS element of National Insurance contributions; (2) charges towards the cost of certain items such as drugs

prescribed by family doctors, and general dental treatment; (3) other receipts, including land sales and the proceeds of income generation schemes.不管个人收入如何，国民保健制度为每个居民提供全面医疗服务。英国于1948年确立此制度。英国国民保健制度82%以下的费用来自普通税收，其他部分来自（1）国民保险金中的国民保险金部分；（2）象对家庭一生开的药单和普通牙科治疗所收的费用；（3）其他收入，包括出售土地和增收计划的收益。

1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。（本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能）

2。The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after

Russia,Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。

3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the

smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。 4。The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the Continental Divide.落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。 5。The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian

mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the

northwest to southeast.阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。（本细节有考“一句话简答题”的可能）

6。The Mississippi River is the largest river in American,over 6000

kilometers.The Mississippi has been called "father of waters"or "old man river" 密西西比河是美国最长河流，有被称作“众水之父”或“老人河”

7。The Ohio river has been called the American Ruhr,As in Germany, the area along the river is rich in valuable deposits of high-grade coking coal and is well known for its steel industry.The river provides cheap water transportation for raw materials.俄亥俄河被称作美国的鲁尔河，就像德国一样，沿河有丰富的高品千周的焦煤，并且因其钢铁而著名。另外，该河还为原材料提供了廉价的水路运输。 8。On the Pacific side there are two great rivers:the Colorado in the south and the Columbia ,which rises in Canada.太平洋沿岸有两大河：科罗拉多河及哥伦比亚河。

9。The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.格兰德河是美国和墨西哥之间的开然界河（本细节考选择和简答可能性大）

10。the most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior,which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan ,the only entirely in the U.S.,Lake Huron,Lake Eire and Lake Ontario.They are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.美国最重要的湖泊是五大湖：苏必利尔湖，密歇根湖，休伦湖，伊利湖和安大略湖，其中，苏必利尔湖为世界最大淡水湖，密歇根湖完全是美国境地内。

11。美国气候概述

1) A humid continental climate(湿润的大陆性气候） is found in the north-eastern part of the country.

2) In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate.(湿润的亚热带气候---东南部）

3）The Pacific northwest is favored with a maritime climate海洋性气候--太平洋西北岸）

4）The southern part of the Pacific coast in California（加州太平洋沿岸南部） has a Mediterranean climate (地中海式气候）with warm,dry summers and moist winters.

12。Many factors besides latitude influence the climate in the United

States.Perhaps the most important forces are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans,the Gulf of Mexick ,and the Great Lakes. 影响美国气候的最主要的因素为：太平洋，和大西泮，墨西哥湾，五大湖。 1.The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after Chind and India.美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。 2。Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth,The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigtants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。 3。Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992.Between 80% and 90% of

immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.如今美国移民的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。 4。Arizona,Nevada,and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。

5。The first immigrants in the American history cane from England and Netherlands.

美国历史是第一批移民来自英国和荷兰。 6。The first of these immigration waves in the mid-1810s and r(转 载于:wWw.zhAoQT.neT 蒲公 英文摘:00604英美文学选读)eached the highest point in 1845.The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The largest of the three immigration wave in American was from 1890-1914.三次移民浪潮中最大的一次是1890-1914年。 home every year seeking new job opportunity,a better climate of other goals.有1/5的美国人每年搬一次家。 8。美国的四次大规模的人口流动： 流动方向

the Frist 1865-1880 east coast ------west the Second 1980-1920 rural areas ------cities

the Third 1920----1960 the south/black people ----other areas

the fourth 1960-now Northeast /Central-N----the West/the South

9。A large number of blank people move out of the south to other areas during the period between 1920-1960.大批黑人离开南方涌向外地发生在1920-1960年间。 10。The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is the blacks who number about 12.1% of the population. The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人，大约占总人口的12。1%，第一批黑人作为奴隶于1619年运抵北美。

11。three major Hispanic groups historically have had the greatest

influence on the United States.They are Mexico-Americans of Chicanos ,the

Puerto Ricans and the Cuban-Americans.三大对美国影响最大的讲西班牙语的群体为：墨西哥后裔美国人，波多黎各人，古巴裔美国人。（一句话回答） 12。The most important obstacle to Hispanic success in the labor maket is their low education.Hispanics have the highest school dropout rate of any major racial and ethnic group.讲西班牙语的美国人在其他种族的民族中失学率最高，因此，阻挡他们在劳动力市场获得成功的最主要是教育程度低。

13。The Asian-Americans are the

fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States,The largest group of Asian-Americans are the

Chinese-Americans.Experts say three Asian traditions best explain the success of

family.美国少数民族人口中增长最快是亚裔美国人，亚裔美国人中又以华裔美国人最多，专家指出亚洲三大传统可以用来

解释亚裔美国人的成功：教育，工作努和和家庭。（一句话回答）

14。Traditionally,the mainstream American were called WASPs,that is ,White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.传统上读，美国人的主流是祖先为英国新教徒的白人。

2。The Hispanics 讲西班牙语的（人或民族）

The Hispanics usually are Spanish-speaking person of

Latin-American origin who live in the United States.Now there are three major Hispantic groups which have grest influence on the U.S.They are

Mexico-American of Chicano ,Pueto Ricans and Cuban-American.

8。In September ,1783,the Treaty of Paris was signed,Britain recognized the

indeperdance of the U.S.1783年9月簦订《巴黎和约》，英正式承认美国独立。 9。The Federalist Papers are regarded as the best explanation of the constitution as well as one of the most important works on political theory.<联邦文集》被认为是对美国宪法最好的解释，也是美国最重要的政治理论著作之一。

10。The first ten amendments to the U.S Constitution,which was called the Bill of Rights,adopted in 1791 which promise to protect individuals''rights. 成为宪法的前十条修正案正案被称为《人权法案》。 11.The Articles of Confederation was accepted by all the states by Match 1781.It has two serious

weaknesses:1>there was no national executive of law-enforcing

branch;2>Congress has no power to raise taxes.1781年美国各州批准了被称为《联邦条款》的文件，它有两缺陷：一是没有执行或执法机构二是国会由于过于庞大起不到政府的作用，而且国会无权征税。 12。The U.S went to war with Britain in 1812,the last war fought between these two countries.英美最后一次交火是1812的英美战争。

14。The twp famous leaders of black movement in the U.S in the 1830s were Garrison and Frederick Douglass.在19世纪30年代两位著名的黑人领袖为加里森和道格拉斯

15。The Union army under the command of Ulysses s.Grant deteated the Confedetate army at

Gettysburg,Pensylvania,this victory was the turning point of the Civil War.北方联军在尤利西斯。格兰特的指挥下，在宾夕法尼亚的葛底斯堡击败了南方联盟军，葛底斯堡大捷是美国内战的转折点。 16。Tn the Civil war,Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery.So he issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation.美国内战期间，林肯发表了《解放奴隶宣言》 17。On November 19,1863,Abraham Lincoln made a short speech on the occasion of dedicating the national cemetery at Gettysburg.He ended his speech with these memorable words:"That government of the

people ,by the people,for the people,shall not perish from the earth.

1863年11月9日，林肯在葛底斯堡阵亡将士公墓落成仪式上发表了简短的演说，他以另人难忘的语言结束了演说“民有，民治，民享的政府永远不会从地球上消失。 18。A conference was held in Philadelphia in May 1787 to consider what should be done to make the Articles of

Confederation adequate.All of the states except Rhode Island were represented at the Consititutional Convention. 1787年在费城召开的制宪会议上，除了罗得岛外，其他所有州都参加了，大家讨论如何使《联邦条款》能够满足需要。 1． In 1880,the U.S ranked first in the world in the production of steel; in

1900,the U.S. produced 245million tons of coal, ranking first in the world.1880年美国钢产`量世界第一，1900年煤产量世界第一。

2． Large corporation ,urbanization and new technology were the three features in the growth of American economy at the beginning of the 20 th century.大公司的出现，城市化及新技术的迅速发展是美国20世纪初经济增长出现的三大特点。 3． In 1903,the Wright brothers flew a plane for a brief 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk,North Carolina. This was the

beginning of the appearance of the plane.

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In 1911,Glenn E.Curiss designed and Between 1919 and 1920,the Red Scare flew a successful plane. 1903年，莱特兄弟happened in America where at that time 发明了第一架飞机，但只飞行了12秒。a highly aggressive and intolerance

1911年格伦。E。库利斯设计了一架飞机，nationalism existed. On November 7,1919 并成功试飞。

and January 2,1920,the Justice

4． At the beginning of the WWI, the Department launched two waves of mass U.S.was impartial neither in action, nor attests. Over 4000 suspected Communists in thought.It pursued a policy of pro-Ally and radicals were arrested and many partiality.第一次世界大战开始时，美国宣were forced to leave the U.S.

布保持中立，但在行动和思想上都没有做5.the Ku Klux Klan(KKK)三K党

到中立，美国真正奉行的是支持同盟国的The KKK was first organized in 1866 and 政策。

then reformed in 1867 after the Civil War 5． The 1920s in the U.S. has been

in the South and by 1924 it claimed a described by many historians as a period membership of four to five million. It was of material success and spiritual a violent society which terrorized and frustration or confusion and

attacked on not only blacks ,but also purposelessness.许多历史学家都把美国progressives, Communist and socialist 的二十世纪二十年代描写成一个物质上party members, etc.

成功，精神是迷惘或漫无目标的时期。 6.the New Deal(罗斯福新政) 6． The stock market crash was the it was put forward by American

beginning of long economic depression in President Roosevelt who wanted to do the late 1920S and 1930S.股票市场的崩something to deal with the Great

溃是1929-1933年的经济大萧条的开端。 Depression at that time. It passed a lot of 7． The aim of President Roosevelt’s New New Deal laws and set up some efficient measures was to save American

social security systems. The New Deal democracy and the capitalist system.罗斯helped to “save American democracy” 福总统“新政：措施的目的在于”拯救美国and to overcome the most serious

民主“及克服资本主义制度有史以来最严economic crisis of the capitalist system up 重的经济制度。

to that time.

8． In the early 1930S,the American 7.Isolationism(孤立主义)

foreign policy was isolationism, to keep it was the American foreign policy in the the U.S. out of the fighting that was going early 1930s.it tried to keep the U.S out of on in Europe and Asia.在30年代初期，美the fighting that was going on in Europe 国奉行的是孤立主义的外交政策，即使美and Asia.

国远离欧洲和亚洲的秸??br>

2． The open declaration of the 9． During the WWII, the postponement containment policy was made by

of the opening of the Second Front was a President Truman on March 12,1949 in a reflection of the American’s desire not to speech to the joint session of

give the Soviet Union the possibility of congress.1949年3月12日杜鲁门总统在quick expansion.二战期间，美国延缓开辟国会联席会议上公开宣布了遏制政策。 第二战场就反映出美国不让苏联有迅速3． In order to protect Western Europe 扩张的可能性

from possible Soviet expansion, the 10． American diplomacy in WWII was U.S.decided to offer Western European largely diplomacy towards Britain and countries economic aid. This later came the Soviet Union.There were two guiding to be called the Marshall plan.为了保护principles behind all diplomatic

西欧不受苏联扩张影响，美国决定给予西activities:1>to win the war;2>to establish 欧国家经济支援，此举后来被称作“马歇t postwar political structure in accord 尔计划。”

with American interests and to prevent 8． Between 1946 and 1961,more than the Soviet Union from over-expansion.二63.5 million babies were born in the 战期间，美国的外交政策大体上是针对英U.S,making the baby-boom generation 国的前苏联的，所有外交政策的两个主导the largest by far in the American history.原则是：羸得战争，按美国利益建立战后从1946年到1961年，是美国历史上的生政治格局并阻止苏联的过度扩张。 育高峰期。

11． The leaders of the U.S. the Soviet 9． When the Cuban Missile Crisis Union and Britain met three times during happened in 1962,the president of the WWII.1>The first summit was held American is Kennedy,the president of at Teheran in November 1943.At the Russia is Khrushchev.1962年古巴导弹危conference it was decided that a

机爆发时，美国在位总统为肯尼迪，苏联large-scale attack on the south of France 首领为赫鲁晓夫。

would be launched in May ,1944,which 12． In February 1972,President Nixon was codenamed Overlord.2>The second visited China and met Mao Zedong and conference was held in Yalta in the two countries issued the Shanhai February,1945,it decided on the

Communique.This visit ended

setting-up of a world organization: the twenty-three years of hostility and led to United Nation .3>The third conference the establishment of diplomatic relations was held at Potsdam, which confirmed in January 1979.1972年2月尼克松与毛the temporary division of Europe agreed 泽东东会晤，双方签署了《上海联合公to at Yalta.二战期间，英，美，苏三中领报》。

导人共会晤了三次，第一次是在1943年13． From 1972 to 1979,the key problem 11月在德黑兰会议，该会义决定进行代号that affected the progress in U.S.-China 为“霸王行动”的军事行动，向法国南部大relations remained the Taiwan

举进攻，第二次是1945年2月的雅尔塔problem.1972-1979年，影响中美关系的会议，本次会议决定建立联合国组织，第主要问题还是台湾问题。 三次是在1945年7。8月间在柏林城外举16． Nixon resigned because of Watergate 行的波茨坦会议，该会主要确认了雅尔雅Scandal ,the first president to do so in 尔塔会议关于欧洲格局的暂时分配。 American history.水门事件使尼克松成为必背解释

美国历史上第一位辞职的总统。 1． The Muckrakers(黑幕揭发者) 17． From the mid-seventies onwards ,the The Muckrakers were a group of U.S suffered from”stagflation”,that is ,the reform-minded journalists who made occurrence of stagnation and inflation at investigations and exposed the dark sides the same time.从70年代中期开始，美国of the society.

开始遭受“经济滞胀”即经济停滞与通货2.the Progressive Movement(进步运动/进膨胀的同时出现。

步主义)（Progressivism）

it was a movement at the turn of the 20th century which demanded government regulation of the economy and social conditions, spread quickly with the

support of large number of people across the country. The Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals. Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at

political,social and economic reforms. 3.laissez faire(放任主义)

it was an economic practice which stressed that the management of the economy should be left to the business people and the government should merely preserve order and protect property. 4.the Red scare(红色恐惧)

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