丁宝桢和他的济南故居|济南老舍故居

　　旧军门巷位于泉城路与黑虎泉西路之间,因清督抚军门曾建于此,故称之为旧军门巷。 　　旧军门巷是一条长不足200米、宽不过3米的小巷子,但是,这条巷子却非常有名,原因就在于这里有丁宝桢故居(旧军门巷11号)。
　　丁宝桢,生于1820年,咸丰三年(1853年)中进士,1865年出任山东巡抚。他在山东做了十年巡抚,政绩卓著。当然,最令人津津乐道的还是他捕杀大太监安德海一事。
　　事情发生在同治八年(1869年)。慈禧太后私派太监安德海下江南替她做“采办”,安德海得意洋洋,奉了皇太后的懿旨,乘着轮船顺运河南下。当时直隶总督是曾国藩。曾国藩得到这个消息之后,在直隶的管辖地区,没有做任何行动。但是,山东巡抚丁宝桢得到这个信息之后,一方面秘密奏报,一方面派人跟踪安德海的行动。安德海一行乘船到了山东,就弃船陆行,到泰安进香。在这个过程里,丁宝桢就派人把安德海一行人给逮了,逮了之后连夜送济南审讯,以“太监私自出京”的理由定罪,就地正法。左右大惊失色,劝道:“丁公虽不怕死,难道不顾及子孙?”丁宝桢喟然而叹:“为民除害,身家性命早已置之度外。”这件事情在当时震动了朝野。许多正义的官员佩服丁宝桢敢做敢为,坚持正义,但同时也替他捏一把汗。认为他得罪了慈禧太后,轻则罢官,重则论斩。逮住安德海之后,丁宝桢向朝廷上奏,慈安太后接到了丁宝桢的上奏,慈安太后找大臣问怎么办,大臣说,按照清朝的“家法”,太监出宫都要正法,慈安太后也就没有阻拦。
　　丁宝桢把安德海杀了之后,曝尸三日。慈禧得到这个奏报之后非常气愤:打狗还要看主人,我身边的贴身太监,你给我杀了,得了吗?所以很多官员认为丁宝桢这一下可出了名,但也闯了大祸。慈禧收拾一个巡抚那还不是轻而易举的事?但是,慈禧没有给丁宝桢任何处分,反而给丁宝桢升了官:由原来的巡抚升为总督。为什么?有的书记载说,社会上流传慈禧和安德海有暧昧关系。丁宝桢把安德海杀了之后,曝尸三天,人们就发现安德海的的确确是个太监。这样,关于安德海和慈禧太后的一些流言也就不攻自破了。这等于为慈禧太后洗刷了不白之冤,有人据此以为慈禧感谢丁宝桢,给他升了总督。当然,这只是一种说法。还有一种说法,认为丁宝桢杀安德海及其后的升迁系由慈安太后和同治皇帝为其撑腰。但不管怎么说,丁宝桢刚直不阿、行事果断的人格魅力都是抹煞不了的。
　　我见过丁宝桢的照片,用“南人北相”来形容他是恰如其分的。他目光炯炯,直视远方,加上胸前飘着的浓密的胡须,确能让人感到凛然正气。
　　作为一名官员,丁宝桢政绩卓著。在山东任职期间,丁宝桢把治理黄河作为“政事第一要务”。同治十年(1871年),黄河在山东郓城侯家林决口,水势汹汹,南灌运河,交通受阻,房屋、耕地被淹,百姓叫苦不迭。丁宝桢自告奋勇,奏请主持运河工程,下令各级官员:“倘敢阳奉阴违,有心贻误,一经验实,即将该员正法。”雷厉风行,于次年春工程告竣,大堤“一律安澜”。又过了两年,黄河突然在直隶开州石庄户决堤,河南、河北、山东、安徽、江苏数十州县悉被淹,而五省河官束手无策,互相推诿。丁宝桢自己捐出巨款,令其子丁寿鹤押解前往山东散放,救民于水火。
　　丁宝桢生活在中国历史发生大变局的时代,自鸦片战争以来,民族灾难深重。在这“烽火惊传遍九州”的岁月,他主张“以战制和”,加紧防御。他致力于“求富自强”的洋务运动,亲自踏勘山东海岸,决定在马头嘴、石岛、烟台、庙岛、小石岛等洋舰必经之地构筑炮台,密植树木以作掩护。他以开放的眼光看待世界形势,认为中国要自强,必须学习西方,“精求武备”,“仿照外洋枪炮之巧如法制造”,这样才能“弃我之短,夺彼之长”,于是创办山东机器局,继而又在成都设立四川机器局,成为山东、四川近代工业的开端。
　　在办洋务的同时,丁宝桢还关注富国富民。结束在山东的任职之后,丁宝桢调任四川总督。在四川总督任上,他做了一桩有益于国计民生的大事,即实行“盐政改革”。
　　盐是四川经济的重要命脉,是财政收入的大宗,但在此之前,由于体制僵化,官员腐败,走私猖獗,盐业一落千丈,致使财源枯竭。丁宝桢整顿川盐,废除沿途关卡的苛捐杂税,一律并入盐税统一征收。同时,严惩贪官污吏,将中饱私囊的四川盐茶道蔡逢年等撤职查办,一扫官场积弊,又大力打击盗贩私盐的奸商和走私集团,将横行长江的“大股私枭”如“江大烟杆”、“谭二疯子”等人斩首示众,盐政改革通行一年,成效显著,财政收入大增,盐商运销两旺,人民食盐不感困难。此举不仅四川得利,就连贵州人民也跟着受益。
　　成都平原受惠于都江堰,但因多年失修,堤堰多有毁坏,以致反遭水灾。丁宝桢到四川后,决定重修都江堰。他起初改筑石坝,但洪水到来便将堤坝冲垮。他认真检讨失败原因,察知古人用鹅卵石竹笼筑坝很有道理,易于使水“溢泄”,于是恢复古法。用了四个多月时间,共挖出淤泥40余万方,砌筑堰堤12000丈,修复人字堤130余丈、分水鱼嘴3处。又维修了飞沙堰、白马槽、平水槽的导洪工程,于沿江两岸植树保持水土,重修都江堰遂大功告成,川西十四州县无旱涝之忧。
　　丁宝桢死后,山东父老请求朝廷将丁宝桢的灵柩运回山东,葬于济南九华山麓。据说,灵柩运至山东时,哭声震天动地。这可以说是人们对优秀官员的一种至高的褒奖和爱戴。
　　丁宝桢还是一位著名的美食家。在济南期间,他曾调名厨数十人当其家厨。当时济南有名的鲁菜师傅周进臣、刘桂祥等人都到丁府当过差。他极喜欢吃炒鸡丁。每次宴客必有此菜,他还向厨师面授机宜,调理此菜的做法。他调任四川后,请当地师傅也做此菜。清廷曾封丁宝桢为“太子少保”,他因此有了“丁宫保”的称呼。人们便将他所喜爱的这道菜命名为“宫保鸡丁”,后来,“保”字换“爆”字,强调了这道菜的做法。如今,山东、四川和丁宝桢的家乡贵州三省的百姓都说这道菜是自己省的。贵州人还拿出了民谚作为证据:“没有宫保鸡,不成黔味席。”
　　旧军门巷11号的丁宝桢故居曾是全国仅存的丁氏故居,丁宝桢在调任四川总督后,旧军门巷的宅院卖给了济南本道署理东司沈廷杞。而沈的儿子则娶了“瑞蚨祥”布店老板孟洛川的女儿。这处老宅占地约1公顷,原有三进大跨院,北有两侧院。正房五间,足有两层楼高,十足气派。几十年前,因一家工厂盖宿舍楼,将大部分房屋拆掉了,只有外墙、门楼、影壁和二门还保存至2002年10月。当时,笔者曾去查看,发现丁氏故居的门楼比一般民居的高出近三分之一,约有六七米高。门梢如意砖雕为“喜鹊报春”和“狮子滚绣球”。门楣为福字木饰,门楼垂柱上也有精美图案。门前两侧各有一高近80公分的枕石,雕竹、兰、佛手、石榴、葡萄等,细腻传神。门楼内两侧各有一门房,是卫兵安身之所。
　　2002年10月,丁保桢故居的门楼和影壁终也被拆除,旧军门巷上最后的一丝历史印痕也被抹掉了。
　　
　　The Old Junmen (Army Gate) Alley lies between Quancheng Road and the West Road of Heihu (Black Tiger) Spring. It is so named because the civil and military governors in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911A.D.) used to establish their armed forces here.
　　Though less than 200 meters in length and 3 meters in width, the Old Junmen Alley enjoys great popularity because it includes the former residence of Ding Baozhen (No.11 Old Junmen Alley).
　　Born in 1820, Ding Baozhen succeeded in the highest imperial examination in 1853, the third year of the Xianfeng Reign (an emperor of the Qing Dynasty). He served as governor in Shandong Province for ten years after taking the post in 1865, and made outstanding political achievements.
　　Ding Baozhen performed successfully as a government official. During his tenure in Shandong Province, Ding Baozhen put the management of the Yellow River as the “first priority in all political affairs”. In 1871, the tenth year of the Tongzhi Reign of the Qing Dynasty, a levee of the Yellow River was broken in Houjialin Village of Yuncheng County in Shandong Province, so the violent flood water forced its way into the Grand Canal to the south. As a result, the traffic was blocked; houses and land drowned, and common people were trapped in a great mess. At this moment, Ding Baozhen took the initiative to ask to be permitted to take charge of the Canal Renovation Project. Once approved, he ordered the government officials at different levels that “one must be punished by law upon verification if he overtly agrees but covertly opposes to the orders and make intentional delay”. He acted vigorously and resolutely. Finally, he finished this project by the next spring and the levee was tamed. Two years later, a levee failure of the Yellow River happened in Shizhuanghu of Kaizhou(today’s Puyang in Henan Province) of Zhili Province (today’s Hebei Province), and many states and counties in Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Anhui and Jinagsu provinces were flooded. The officials in charge of rivers in the five provinces could do nothing but make excuses. Ding Baozhen, however, donated a great sum of money which was sent to Shandong under the escort of his son, Ding Shouhe, to help people recover from the disasters.
　　The former residence of Ding Baozhen, at No.11 Old Jumen Alley, used to be the only surviving former residence of Ding. After he was transferred to the post of governor-general of Sichuan Province, Ding Baozhen sold his house in the Old Junmen Alley to Shen Tingqi, who held a temporary post in Jinan, whose son married the daughter of Meng Luochuan, the boss of Rui Fuxiang, a cloth store. This old house covered an area of about a hectare, and originally had three corridor-yards and two side-yards in the north. There were five magnificent principal rooms as high as a two-storey building. Most of the houses were dismantled because a plant built its apartment buildings here, and by October, 2002, only the outer walls, the gate tower, the screen wall, and the second door leading to the main room remained. At that time, it was found that the gate tower of the Ding’s former residence, about 6 or 7 meters high, was one third higher than that of the common houses. The good-luck bricks in the door were carved with patterns of “a magpie heralding spring” and “a lion rolling balls”. The lintel was decorated with the Chinese character “Fu” (Happiness) made of wood. And the gate tower and pillars were also designed with exquisite patterns as well. On each side in front of the gate, stood a rock on which were carved fine vivid bamboos, orchids, fingered citrons, and pomegranates. Inside the gate tower were two gatehouses on each side, where the guards sheltered.
　　In October 2002, the gate tower and the screen wall were finally demolished, which erased the last historical trace of the Old Junmen Alley.

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