一种生物烤黄剂在烟叶生产中的试验研究

　　摘要 [目的] 考察一种生物烤黄剂在烤烟生产中的应用效果。[方法] 以生物烤黄剂为落黄材料，以125 g兑一桶喷雾器（15 L）在大田喷洒，并以喷洒清水作为对照，在重庆市彭水县烟区进行了生物烤黄剂的对比试验。[结果]试验表明，喷洒生物烤黄剂可提高橘烟率6.29%～16.40个百分点，降低杂烟2.79～24.75个百分点；同时，缩短变黄期1 d左右，减少煤电成本4.44%，提高了烟叶的外在质量，单位面积增产值1 800～5 880元/hm2。化学成分分析表明，生物烤黄剂处理后可使烟叶烟碱含量降低，同时增加总糖和还原糖含量，降低总氮含量；通过烟叶样品评吸，其总分略高于对照。[结论] 研究可为生物烤黄剂应用于烟叶烘烤，以生产特色优质烤烟提供一种技术和材料参考依据。
　　关键词 生物烤黄剂；橘烟率；杂烟率；外在质量；内在品质；均价
　　中图分类号 S572 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611（2015）27-238-03
　　Experimental Study on a Biological Roasted Yellow Agent in Tobacco Leaf Production
　　ZHANG Yong-hua
　　（Pengshui Branch of Chongqing Tobacco Company， Chongqing 409066）
　　Abstract [Objective] To investigate application effect of a biological roasted yellow agent in flue-cured tobacco production. [Method] A biological roasted yellow agent applied in Pengshui tobacco district in Chongqing City has been studied in 2014. Two tests were designed. The agent of 125 g was added in a agricultural sprayer with 15 L water and sprayed the solution on the surface of both sides in first test. The clean water was sprayed on the surface of both sides in second test. [Result] The experimental results showed that the orange yellow tobacco leaf was increased in 6.29-16.40 percentage point by comparison with second test and lower quality tobacco leaf was decreased in 2.79%-24.75 percentage point by comparison with second test. In the experimental operation time was decreased in a day， the coal cost was decreased in 4.4% and the income was increased in 1 800-5 880 yuan/hm2. According to the chemical analysis of the tobacco leaf， the nicotine content was decreased in second test， the total sugar and reducing sugar content was increased and the total nitrogen content was decreased in second test. By smoking the tobacco leaf， the total score was higher than second test. [Conclusion] The study can provide reference basis for application of biological roasted yellow agent in tobacco curing to produce high quality tobacco.
　　Key words Biological roasted yellow agent； Orange yellow tobacco leaf； Lower quality tobacco leaf； External quality； Intrinsic quality； Average price
　　烟叶生产分为2个阶段：第1阶段的大田青烟叶生产和第2阶段烤房中的黄烟叶烘烤生产。从烟叶生产目的上看，第2阶段的生产更为重要，因为它决定前期投入是否能得到回报。
　　由于施肥过多，或成熟期雨水过多，或全年气温低造成烟叶生长缓慢，在采摘期不能正常采摘，容易出现大面积“黑爆烟”现象，使烟草公司生产任务难以完成，给烟农带来巨大经济损失。为此，对烤房中黄烟叶烘烤生产的研究具有较大的现实意义。
　　王林等发现，烟叶打顶后，在距离烟株根部5～10 cm处打孔，去掉此处表皮和韧皮部，并在烟垄垄沟灌水，可促进青烟叶落黄[1]。该法容易造成烟株生理饥饿落黄，即假熟，影响烟叶产量和品质。使用化学催熟剂乙烯利，迫使鲜叶落黄的研究也有报道，但容易造成烟叶化学残留和品质下降。
　　高勇等以烟株进入成熟段自然落黄机理为基础，参考烟叶在烤房中的变色过程，用生物材料研制出“生物烤黄剂”，已取得了中国专利[2]。笔者以生物烤黄剂为落黄材料，分别在大田和烤房中进行试验研究。

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