烘烤期烟叶霉烂病的侵染源与防治

　　摘要[目的]明确烘烤期烟叶霉烂病的症状、病因、侵染源和防治措施。[方法]通过病原形态学观察、生物学特性观察和ITS-PCR检测分析，对烘烤期烟叶霉烂病的病原进行鉴定，并用二氧化氯和三氯异氰脲酸对烟柄喷雾或熏蒸装烟后的烤房，研究其对烘烤期烟叶霉烂病的防治效果。[结果]烘烤期烟叶霉烂病的病原鉴定为米根霉（Rhizopus oryzae）。利用PSA平板采集烤房内外及烟叶表面的微生物，米根霉广泛存在于烤房内外的环境中，能在烤房内存活和积累成为重要侵染源。用二氧化氯和三氯异氰脲酸对烟柄喷雾或熏蒸装烟后的烤房，结果显示熏蒸法对烘烤期烟叶霉烂病的防治效果在62.62%～69.57%。[结论]为烟叶霉烂病的有效防治提供了理论依据。
　　关键词烟叶霉烂病；二氧化氯；三氯异氰脲酸；防治
　　中图分类号S432文献标识码A文章编号0517-6611（2017）19-0138-05
　　Control and Infection Source of Tobacco Leaf Mildew Rot during Fluecuring Period
　　WANG Yongdong1， GU Gang2， XIAO Shun1， ZHANG Shaosheng1* et al
　　（1.College of Plant Protection， Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University， Fuzhou， Fujian 350002；2.Fujian Institute of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences， Fuzhou， Fujian 350003）
　　Abstract[Objective] The aim was to explore the symptoms， causes， infection source and control ways of tobacco leaf mildew rot disease. [Method] The pathogen of tobacco leaf mildew rot disease was identified by the ITSPCR sequence analysis combined the morphological characters and biologic characters. The disinfectants chlorine dioxide and trichloroisocyanuric acid were used to control the disease by spraying to tobacco stalks and fumigation in curing barns. [Result] The pathogen was identified as Rhizopus oryzae. The microbial flora in the curing surroundings and tobacco leaf were isolated and analyzed by PSA plate culture， the results showed Rhizopus oryzae was widespread in the curing barns and their surroundings， the fungi could accumulate in the curing barns and were the important infection sources. The disinfectants chlorine dioxide and trichloroisocyanuric acid were used to control the disease by spraying to tobacco stalks and fumigation in curing barns， the disinfectants fumigation could effectively control the disease， and the control effect were up to 62.62%-69.57%. [Conclusion] The results provide theoretical basis for the control of tobacco leaf mildew rot disease.
　　Key wordsTobacco leaf mildew rot disease；Chlorine dioxide；Trichloroisocyanuric acid；Control
　　煙叶烘烤过程中常常发生烤坏烟。烤坏烟的种类多样，常见类型有烤青烟、蒸片烟、黑糟烟、挂灰烟、洇筋洇片烟、烤红烟；烤坏烟的主要原因与烟叶的成熟度、含水量以及烤房烘烤期间温度和湿度失调等物理因素有关[1-2]。由微生物引起的烟叶霉烂主要发生于仓储期，病原菌主要是曲霉（Aspergillus spp.）、青霉（Penicillium spp.）、根霉（Rhizopus spp.）、毛霉（Mucor spp.），发病条件是环境湿度和烟叶含水量过高[3-5]。2010年云南省报道在大多数红花大金元种植烟区，烟叶烘烤过程中叶柄发霉造成很大损失[6]。近几年在福建省红花大金元烤烟生产区的烟叶在烘烤变黄阶段发生霉变烂叶现象，不少烤房损失严重。曾婷英等[7]对福建省烘烤期烟叶霉烂的病原菌进行鉴定，首次确认烘烤期烟叶霉烂是由米根霉（Rhizopus oryzae Went et Geerligs）引起的侵染性病害，将该病害命名为烟叶霉烂病。据调查烘烤期烟叶霉烂病在其他烟区也常发生，为了有效防治病害，笔者对烟叶霉烂病的侵染来源和发病条件进行了调查，并结合实际生产开展了病害防治技术研究。

相关热词搜索：霉烂 侵染 烟叶 烘烤 防治