职称英语短文

职称英语短文篇一：2015职称英语补全短文练习十篇

2015年职称英语补全短文练习

（一）What We Take from and Give to the Sea

As long as we have been on earth, we have used the sea around us. We take from the ocean, and we give to it. We take fishes from the ocean --millions of kilograms of fish, every year, to feed millions of people. (1) We take minerals from the ocean. One way to get salt is to place seawater in a shallow basin and leave it until it evaporates. (2) Much gold and silver drift dissolved in the waters of the sea, too1. But the sea does not give them up by simple evaporation. Other gifts from the sea are pearls, sponges and seaweed. Pearls become jewelry. (3) Seaweed becomes food of many kinds-even candy, and ice cream — as well as medicine. Believe it or not, fresh water is another gift from the sea. We cannot drink ocean water.(4) But ocean water becomes fresh water when the salts are removed.In the future，we will find ourselves depending more and more on fresh water from the sea. The sea gives us food, fertilizer, minerals, water, and other gifts. What do we give the sea? Garbage. (5) Huge as it is, the ocean cannot hold all the water that we pour into it. Dumping garbage into the ocean is killing off sea life2. Yet as the world population grows, we may need the sea and its gifts more than ever.

We are finally learning that if we destroy our seas,we might also destroy ourselves. Hopefully, it is not too late.

A Natural sponges become cleaning aids.

B We pollute the ocean when we use it as a garbage dump.

C The area of the sea is becoming smaller and smaller.

D Along with salt, other minerals are left after evaporation.

E We even use their bones for fertilizer.

F Some of its contents may cause illness.

（二）Teamwork in Tourism

Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus，trade and travel associations, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum3 conditions for travelers.

(1) They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services，and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns. They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. ⑵

Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling.

(3)

Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts，considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. (4)

(5) Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers，and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.

练习：

A The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers，including car-rental and sight-seeing services.

B They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.

C Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs. D As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries.

E Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, hotels rely upon agencies, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients.

F In this way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel-planes，ships，trains，motorcoaches, car-rentals，and even car purchases.

（三）Financial Risks

Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing ; the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk.

(1) They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing.(2) Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company，for example，shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. (3) The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost.

Political risk relates to2 the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility3,expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. (4) Management information systems and— effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk4，so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market.

Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years，most firms could take protective

action to minimize their unfavorable effects5. (5) International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. Before rates were permitted to float,devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.

A Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses.

B One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments.

C Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business.1

D The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards.

E Floating exchange rates of the world's major currencies have forced all marketers to be especiallyaware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning.

F Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation.

（四） Development in Newspaper Organization

One of the most important developments in newspaper organization during the first part of the twentieth century ______(1)_______, which are known as wire services. Wire-service companies employed reporters, who covered stories all over the world. Their news reports were sent to papers throughout the country by telegraph. The papers paid an annual fee for this service. Wire services continue _______(2)________. Today the major wire services are the Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI). You will frequently find AP or UPI at the beginning of a news story.

Newspaper chains and mergers began to appear in the early 1900s. A chain consists of two or more newspapers _______(3)______. A merger involves combining two or more papers into one. During the nineteenth century many cities had more than one competitive independent paper. Today in most cities there are only one or two newspapers, and _______(4)______. Often newspapers in several cities belong to one chain. Papers have combined ________(5)_______. Chains and mergers have cut down production costs and brought the advantages of big-business methods to the newspaper industry.

A. to play an important role in newspaper operations

B. was the growth of telegraph services

C. and they usually enjoy great prestige

D. they are usually operated by a single owner

E. in order to survive under the pressure of rising costs

F. owned by a single person or organization

（五）Bedwetting (尿床)

Millions of kids and teenagers from every part of the world wet the bed every single night. It’s so common that there are probably other kids in your class who do it. Most kids don’t tell their friends, so it’s easy to feel kind of alone, like you might be the only one on the whole planet who wets the bed. ___1___.

The fancy name for bedwetting is nocturnal enuresis. Enuresis runs in families. This means that if you urinate, or pee, while you are asleep, there’s a good chance that a close relative also did it when he or she was a kid. __2__.

The most important thing to remember is that no one wets the bed on purpose. It doesn’t mean that you’re lazy or a slob. __3__. For some reason, kids who wet the bed are not able to feel that their bladders is full and don’t wake up to pee in the toilet. Sometimes a kid who wets the bed will have a realistic dream that he’s in the bathroom peeing – only to wake up later and discover he’s all wet. May kids who wet the bed are very deep sleepers. ___4___.

Some kids who wet the bed do it every single night. Others wet some nights and are dry on others. A lot of kids say that they seem to be drier when they sleep at a friend’s or a relative’s house. __5__. So the brain may be thinking, ―Hey, Don’t wet someone else’s bed! ‖ This can help you stay dry if you’re not aware of it.

A. The good news is that almost all kids who wet the bed eventually stop.

B. Trying to wake up someone who wets the bed is often like trying to wake a log—they just stay asleep.

C. It’s something you can’t help doing.

D. just like you may have inherited your mom’s blue eyes or your uncles’ long legs, you probably inherited bedwetting, too.

E. That’s because kids who are anxious about wetting the bed may no sleep much or only very lightly.F. But you are not alone.

(六)

Most people know that cigarette smoking is harmful to their health. Scientific research shows that it causes many kinds of diseases. In fact, many people who smoke get lung cancel However, Edward Gilson has lung cancer, and he has never smoked cigarettes. He lives with his wife, Evelyn, who has smoked about a pack of cigarettes a day throughout their marriage. __________.(46)

No one knows for sure why Mr. Gilson has lung cancer. Nevertheless, doctors believe that secondhand smoke may cause lung cancer in people who do not smoke because nonsmokers often breathe in the smoke. from other people’s cigarettes.__________ (47)The US Environmental Protection Agency reports that about 53,000 people die in the United States each year as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke.

The smoke that comes from a lit cigarette contains many different poisonous chemicals. In the past. scientists did not也ink that these chemicals could harm a nonsmoker’s health. __________ (48)They discovered that even nonsmokers had unhealthy amounts of these toxic(有毒的)chemicals in their bodies. As a matter of fact, almost all of US breathe tobacco smoke at times, whether we realize it or not. For example, we cannot avoid secondhand smoke in restaurants, hotels and other public places. Even though many public places have nonsmoking areas, smoke flows in from the areas where smoking is permitted. It iS even harder for children to avoid secondhand smoke.__________ (49)Research shows that children who are exposed to secondhand smoke are sick more often than children who live in homes where no one smokes and that the children of smokers are more than twice as likely to develop lung cancer when they are adults as are children of nonsmokers. The risk is even higher for children who live in homes where both parents smoke

People are becoming very aware of the dangers of secondhand smoke. __________ (50)

A Recently,though,scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers.

B The Gilsons have been married for 35 years.

C 111is smoke is called secondhand smoke.

D However, secondhand smoke is dangerous to all people,old or young.

E As a result,they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places. .

F In the United States,nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.

（七）Caribbean Islands

What would you See if you took a cruise to the Cartbbean Islands? Palm trees and coconuts (椰子)?White beaches and clear，blue ocean?Colorful corals(珊瑚)and even more colorful fishes and birds?

You bet There are thousands of islands in the Caribbean Sea.They are famous for their warm，tropical climate and great natural beauty.

The Caribbean Islands form a chain that separates the Caribbean Sea from the rest of me Atlantic Ocean，Some of the islands were formed by the eruption(爆发)of ancient volcanoes(火山)______(46)

The Caribbean Islands are known by several names._____(47)The explorer Christopher Columbus called the islands the Indies in 1492 because he thought he was near the coast of India.Later,Spain and France called the islands the Antilles.There are four large islands in the Caribbean Sea_______(48)These four islands are often called the Greater Antilles Together, they account for about 90 percent of the land area of the Caribbean IslandsThe rest of the Caribbean Islands are much smaller.Some of these islands are no more than tiny slivers (小片)of exposed coral.You can see why pirates(海盗)such as the famous Blackbeard satled these waters._____(49)The weather of the Caribbean Sea is almost always warm and sunny Sandy beaches line the coasts of many islands.This is why millions of tourists visit the islands each year______(50)

A But 1ife Oil the Caribbean Islands iS not always painful. B The earliest name used by Europeans is the Indies，later changed to the West Indies. C Others are low-lying coral islands that gradually rose from the ocean D They are Cuba，Puerto Rico，Jamaica，and Hispaniola. E Many tourists arrive on cruise ships. F There are countless smallislands to bury treasure or hide on. （八）A Heroic Woman

The whole of the United States cheered its latest hero, Ashley Smith, with the Federal Bureau of

Investigation saying it was planning to give a big reward to her for having a brave heart and wise mind. (46)She was moving into her apartment in Atlanta, Georgia early on the morning of March 12,when a man followed her to her door and put a gun to her side. “I started walking to my door, and I felt really, really afraid,” she said in a TV interview last week. The man was Brian Nichols,33.He was suspected of killing three people at an Atlanta courthouse(法院)on March 11 and later of killing a federal agent. (47) Nichols tied Smith up with tape, but

released her after she repeatedly begged him not to take her life. “I told him if he hurt me, my little girl wouldn’t have a mummy,” she said. In order to calm the man down, she read to him from “The Purpose-Driven Life”, a best-selling religious book. He asked her to repeat a paragraph “about what you thought your purpose in life was-what talents were you given.” (48) “I basically just talked to him and tried to gain his trust,” Smith said. Smith said she asked Nichols why he chose her. “He said he thought I was an angel sent from God, and we were Christian sister and brother,” she said. “And that he was lost, and that God led him to me to tell him that he had hurt a lot of people.” (49)She said Nichols was surprised when she made him breakfast and that the two of them watched television coverage(报道)of the police hunt for him. “I cannot believe that’s me,” Nichols told the woman. Then, Nichols asked Smith what she thought he should do. She said, “I think you should turn yourself in. If you don’t, lots more people are going to get hurt.” Eventually, he let her go. (50)A US$60,000 reward had been posted for Nichols’ capture. Authorities said they did not yet know if Smith would be eligible(有资格的)for that money.

A The local police were searching for him.

B Smith is a 26-year-old single mother with a daughter.

C Smith tried very hard to kill Nichols.

D She even cooked breakfast for the man before he allowed her to leave.

E And the two of them discussed this topic.

F Then she called the police.

（九）You Need Courage!

Shortly after I began a career in business, I learned that Carl Weatherup, president of PepsiCo (百事可乐公司), was speaking at the University of Colorado. I tracked down the person handling his schedule and managed to get myself an appointment. .(46)

So there I was sitting outside the university's auditorium, waiting for the president of PepsiCo. I could hear him talking to the students.., and talking, and talking. (47) He was now five minutes over, which dropped my time

职称英语短文篇二：2015职称英语补全短文译文汇总

What We Take from and Give to the Sea

As long as we have been on earth, we have used the sea around us. We take from the ocean, and we give to it.

We take fishes from the ocean --millions of kilograms of fish, every year, to feed millions of people. (1) We take minerals from the ocean. One way to get salt is to place seawater in a shallow basin and leave it until it evaporates. (2) Much gold and silver drift dissolved in the waters of the sea, too1. But the sea does not give them up by simple evaporation. Other gifts from the sea are pearls, sponges and seaweed. Pearls become jewelry. (3) Seaweed becomes food of many kinds 一 even candy, and ice cream — aswell as medicine. Believe it or not, fresh water is another gift from the sea. We cannot drink ocean water.(4) But ocean water becomes fresh water when the salts are removed.In the future，we will find ourselves depending more and more on fresh water from the sea.

The sea gives us food, fertilizer, minerals, water, and other gifts. What do we give the sea? Garbage. (5) Huge as it is, the ocean cannot hold all the water that we pour into it. Dumping garbage into the ocean is killing off sea life2. Yet as the world population grows, we may need the sea and its gifts more than ever.We are finally learning that if we destroy our seas,we might also destroy ourselves. Hopefully, it is not too late.

注释：

Much gold and silver drift dissolved in the waters of the sea, too.还有不少金和银的漂流物溶解在海水里。

Dumping garbage into the ocean is killing off sea life.把垃圾往大海里倾倒就是在把海洋生物杀绝灭尽。

练习：

A Natural sponges become cleaning aids.

B We pollute the ocean when we use it as a garbage dump.

C The area of the sea is becoming smaller and smaller.

D Along with salt, other minerals are left after evaporation.

E We even use their bones for fertilizer.

F Some of its contents may cause illness.

答案与题解：

1.E前面二句讲了我们从大海捕捉大量的鱼供人们食用，这句接着讲“甚至连鱼的骨头也被 用来做化肥”。Even这个词在这里清楚地表示了这两句话的关系。

2.D这句话的前一句讲的是我们可以通过水的蒸发从海水中得到一种矿物质——盐，这句话 则说除了盐之外，水蒸发以后还有别的矿物质留下来。

3.A前面讲到除了矿物质外，大海还给了我们珍珠、海绵和海草这三样东西。接着作者分别 用一句话来说明每一样东西的昂途。先讲了珍珠,最后讲的是海草，所以这中间的一句应该 是讲海绵的用途了o

4.F前一句话说了^们不能喝海水，这句话解释了为什么不能喝，很自然。

5.B前面一句话用garbage—词有力地回答了“我们给予大海什么”这个带有自责性的问题， 这句话则是对这个简单回答的具体解释。

译文：论我们给予大海的以及向大海索取的

自我们在地球上生活乏始，我们就开始利用环绕着陆地的海洋。我们向海洋索取的同时也在给予o

我们从海里捕鱼——为了获取百万人的食物，我们每年在海里捕数千吨的鱼，甚至连鱼的骨 头也被用来做化肥。我们从海里获得物。制盐的一种办法就是将海水放在浅底的水池里直至水 分蒸发。除了盐之外，水蒸发以后还有别的矿物质留下来，还有不少金和银的漂流物溶解在海水里。但是这些物质不能通过海水的蒸发而被我们获取。海洋赐予我们的礼物还有珍珠丨海绵和海 草。珍珠能做成珠宝，海绵可用来作为清洗东西的物品，海草可加工成许多种食品，甚至糖果、 冰淇淋以及药品。不管你相不相信，淡水也是海洋赐予我们的礼物。海水不能饮用，其中有些物 质会致病。但是去掉海水中的盐分后，海水就变成了淡水。将来，我们会越来越依赖午从海水中 取来的淡水。

海洋给予我们食物、化肥、矿物、水资源以及其他的礼物。然而，我们又给予了大海什么呢? 垃圾。我们把大海当做垃圾桶的时候污染了大海。海洋虽然巨大无边,却无法容纳所有我们倾倒 进去的水。把垃圾往大海里倾倒就是在把海洋生物杀绝灭尽。然而，随着世界人口的增长，我们 也许将会比以往任何时候都需要海洋以及它给人类带来的东西。

我们最终认识到，如果破坏了海洋，我们就将毁灭自己。只希望这个认识还不算太迟。 Teamwork in Tourism

Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus，trade and travel associations, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum3 conditions for travelers.

(1) They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services，and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective

advertising campaigns. They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. ⑵

Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. (3)

Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts，considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. (4)

(5) Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers，and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.注释：

concerned:作定语时常常放在所修饰的词或短语的后面，表示“有关的”。例如:Everyone concerned must sign their names here.

carriers and properties:指运输公司和房地产公司。

optimum:形容词，意为“最佳的”。又如:an optimum temperature for this kind of flower：适合 这种花生长的最佳温度。

brochure:指具有宣传性质的小册子。

seminar：研讨会

conversely:相反地，反过来说0 又如：The teacher gave the students knowledge, and conversely，the students offered the teacher their warmest gratitude.练习：

A The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers，including car-rental and sight-seeing services.

B They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.

C Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs. D As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries.E Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, hotels rely upon agencies, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients.

F In this way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel-planes，ships，trains，motorcoaches, car-rentals，and even car purchases.

答案与题解：

1.C本段第二句和第三句话都以人称代词they作主语，但所指不明。在大多数情况下，其指 代对象应在同一段落的前文中找。C与这两个句子在结构和意思上都是平行的，时态也一 致，而且用travel operators这个名词去替代这两个句子中的they都讲得通。

2.B这一句继续讲旅游经纪人的工作,它同本段前三句话在时态、结构和意思上一致或平行。

3.F指示词this/that及其复数形式在英语中是重要的衔接手段，多数情况下this指上文刚刚 提到的事情或说过的话。本段第一句话说旅游顾问召开研讨会使代理人熟悉新业务和销售 技巧。承接这句话，F说“通过这种方式，代理人学会了怎样对旅行自的地加以解释以及向 游客建议各种不同的旅行方式及组合方式，如飞机、船、火车、公共汽车、汽车出租，甚至汽车 的购买”。“这种方式”就是指上一句话中的召开研讨会，因而F是最合适的选项。

4.E本段第一句话说房地产公司和旅行社密切合作，达成了最为适当的协议。这种协议兼顾 了顾客的方便和他们自己的财政方面的安排。E实际上进一步阐述了二者之间相互依赖的 紧密关系。

5.A写文章讲究句子和段落之间的衔接。第四段讲到了房地产公司和旅行社之间相互依赖 的合作关系,A说“旅行社和运输公司之间也存在着同等程度的信任”，像same, different (ly) , similar(ly), otherwise这样的词语有很强的衔接力，属于指称衔接(reference)中的比 较衔接。下一句话详细解释旅行社和运输公司之间的关系，进一步印证了应该选A。译文：旅游业中的团队合作

不同旅游部门之间越来越多的合作证明对有关各方都有益。政府机构、贸易与旅游协会、运 输公司和房地产公司都一齐致力于为旅行者创造良好的条件。

旅游经纪人作为旅游计划的专家提出广泛的研究方案。他们了解所有的旅游区和所有运输公 司的服务。他们的专长是组织不同类型的旅游活动以及准备有效的广告宣传。他们把材料分发给 旅行社。这些材料包括杂志、小册子和广告项目。他们提供熟悉情况和组织研讨问题的旅游，从 而使旅行社在短时间内就能获得有关他们正在推出的旅行活动的第一手资料。

旅游顾问举办各种重要的研讨会以便使旅行社代理人熟悉新的方案和技巧。通过这种方式, 代理人学会了怎样对旅行目的地加以解释以及向游客建议各种不同的旅行方式及组合方式，如飞 机、船、火车、公共汽车、汽车出租，甚至汽车的购买。

房地产公司与旅行社之间密切合作，达成了最为适当的协议。这种协议兼顾了顾客的方便和 他们自己的财政方面的安排。旅行社依靠旅馆提供良好的服务，反过来，旅馆依靠旅行社来完成 合同，招揽顾客。

在旅行社与运输公司(包括汽车出租和观光服务)之间也存在着同种程度的信任。运输公司 依靠旅行社来提供乘客，而旅行社依靠运输公司提供受游客欢迎的旅行活动。所有服务机构都以 提高效率、价格公平及使顾客满意为宗旨。

Are Online Friends Real Friends?

Modern computer technology has made a new kind of human relationship possible: online friendship. ____(1)____. Are online friendships as beneficial as

face-to-face friendships? What are the advantages and disadvantages of having

virtual friends? Can people form strong bonds online? Today these questions are the subject of lively debate1.

Some people believe that the Internet is the best way to make new friends. It’s convenient, it’s fast, and it allows to make contact with different kinds of people from all over the world. When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours2. Information updates and photos add to the experience. Making friends on the Internet is especially good for shy people who feel uncomfortable in social situations. It’s often easier to share thoughts and feelings online. ____(2)____. They can make people feel less lonely and help them solve problems.

Although the Internet can encourage friendship, it has a major disadvantage. ____(3)____. Online friends only tell you what they want you to know. They sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hide the less positive ones, so you can’t be sure of what they really like3. That is why you should not give personal information to anyone online unless you’re totally sure of who that person is.

Can online friendship be as meaningful as face-to-face ones? There are different points of view. Researchers at the University of Southern California surveyed 2,000 households in the United States. The results showed that more than 40 percent of participants feel “as strongly about their online buddies”as they do about their “offline”friends. ____(4)____. In contrast, there are many people who believe that it’s not possible to have deep relationships with online friends. A young Indian software engineer, Lalitha Lakshmipathy，says，“it’s good to feel connected with many people, but all my e-buddies are not necessarily my close friends. ”____(5)_(转 载 于:wWW.ZHaoqT.nEt 蒲 公英文 摘:职称英语短文)___. They say that it’s hard to develop feelings of trust and connection when you don’t share experiences in person4.

People continue to express different opinions about online friendship. However, most of them would agree that virtual friendships must not replace face-to-face friendships. As one life coach says, “a social networking site should only be the ‘add on’ in any relationship.”

注释：

1.Today these questions are the subject of lively debate.：现今这些问题成了人们热议的话题。

2.When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours.：当你浏览社交网站和进人聊天室聊天时，你会很容易找到志趣相投的人。

职称英语短文篇三：2016职称英语新增文章五篇

2016职称英语新增文章五篇

1.Primer on Smell

In addition to bringing out1 the flavor of food, what does the sense of smell do for us?

Smell “gives us information about place, about where we are,” says Randall Reed, a Johns Hopkins University professor whose specialty is the sense of smell. ___1___ “Whether we realize it or not, we collect a lot of information about who is around us based on smell,” says Reed.

Even at a distance, odors can warn us of2 trouble — spoiled food, leaking gas, or fire. “It’s a great alert,” offers Donald Leopold, a doctor at Johns Hopkins. For example, if something in the oven is burning, everyone in the house knows it.

With just a simple scent, smell can also evoke very intense emotion. Let’s say, for example, that the smell is purple petunias. ___2___ Now let’s imagine that your mother died when you were three, and she used to have a flower garden. You wouldn’t need to identify the smell or to have conscious memories of your mother or her garden. You would feel sad as soon as you smelled that spicy odor. Compared with3 animals, how well do people detect smelts?

That depends on what you mean by “how well”. We are low on receptor cells ： current estimates say that humans have roughly five million smell-receptor cells, about as many as a mouse. ___3___ Reed says that, across species, there is a relatively good correlation between the number of receptor cells and how strong the sense of smell is. “You can hardly find the olfactory bulb in a human brain —— it’s a pea-sized object. In a mouse, it’s a little bigger. It’s bean-sized in a rat, about the size of your little finger in a rabbit, and the size of your thumb in a bloodhound.”

Does that mean that our sense of smell is not very acute?

Not exactly. While we may not have the olfactory range of other creatures, the receptors we do have are as sensitive as those of any animal. ___4___ A trained “nose”, such as that of a professional in the perfume business, can name and distinguish about 10,000 odors. Reed says that a perfume expert can sniff a modem scent that has a hundred different odorants in it, go into the lab, and list the ingredients. “In a modest amount of time, he comes back with what to you or me would smell like a perfect imitation of that perfume. It’s amazing.”

What happens to4 our sense of smell as we age?

Many people continue to have good olfactory function as they get older. ___5___ Leopold says that smell is generally highest in childhood, stays the same from the teens through the 50s, and drops starting at about 60 for women and 65 for men. “The average 80-year-old is only able to smell things half as well as the average 20-year-old,” says Leopold.

词汇：

scent /sent/ n. 气味，香味

petunia /p?'tju:ni?/ n. 喇叭花

olfactory /?l'f?kt(?)ri/ adj. 嗔觉的，味道的

sniff /snif/ v. 嗅，闻，用力吸

注释：

1. bring out：使……显出，使……变得明显

2. warn of：发出关于……的警告。warn sb. of sth.：警告某人某事

3. compare with：与……相比

4. happen to：发生于，发生在

练习：

A These flowers have a rich spiciness that no other petunia has.

B Odors, or smells, can warn us about trouble.

C That’s not the rule, however.

D And smell tells us about people.

E We can also think, and we make conscious (and successful) efforts to tell the difference between one smell and another.

F A rat has some 10 million, a rabbit 20 million, and a bloodhound 100 million.

答案与题解：

1. D 根据后文提到的“我们能够根据气味收集到有关人的很多信息”可以推断此处答案是D选项。

2. A 前文提到以紫喇叭花的香味举例，选项中只有A选项提到了喇叭花。

3. F 前文提到人类和小鼠的嗅觉受体细胞数量，可以推断此处应介绍其他物种的嗅觉受体细胞数量。

4. E 后文都在介绍人类可以区分味道的不同，所以此处E选项最符合原文意思。

5. C 后文介绍了不是每个人都随着年龄的增长嗅觉能力不发生变化，所以此处C选项最符合原文。 参考译文：

嗅觉入门

嗅觉除了能让我们感受到食物的气味外，还能做什么？

美国约翰霍普金斯大学研究嗅觉的专家Randall Reed教授指出，气味能提供给我们关于位置，关于我们在哪儿，以及有关人的信息。“无论我们是否意识到，我们能根据气味收集到许多关于谁在我们身边的信息，”Reed讲道。

即使还隔着一段距离，气味就能提醒我们注意很多麻烦：变质的食物，煤气泄漏，或是火灾。“它是一个很好的警告，”约翰霍普金斯大学的医生Donald Leopold说道。比方说，烤箱中有东西烧焦了，屋内的每个人都会知道。

仅仅是简单的气味，嗅觉就会引起强烈的情感。比如说那种气味就是紫喇叭花。它的气味中有一种其他喇叭花没有的香味。现在我们想象一下，你的母亲在你3岁时就去世了，她曾经拥有一座花园。你不必去辨认那种气味或者有意识地回忆起你的母亲或者她的花园，只要是你闻到那种紫喇叭花的香味，你就会感到伤感。

与动物相比，人类感知气味的能力有多强？

那要取决于你所谓的“多强”是什么意思。我们人类的受体细胞很少：目前估计人类有大概500万个嗅

觉受体细胞，差不多和一只小鼠的一样多。一只大鼠大约有1 000万个，一只兔子有2 000万个，一只寻血犬有1亿个。

Reed谈到，在不同的物种中，受体细胞的数量和嗅觉的强弱大体是正相关的。“人的大脑中是几乎找不到嗅球的，它像豌豆般大小。小鼠的脑中，嗅球大一点。大鼠的脑中，嗅球有蚕豆那么大，兔子脑中的有你的小手指那么大，而寻血犬脑中的有拇指那么大。”

这是不是就意味着我们的嗅觉不够敏锐呢？

不完全是。尽管我们的嗅觉范围可能没有其他生物的那么广，但是我们已有的受体细胞和其他动物的一样敏感。我们也可以认为，我们在有意（并且成功地〕努力区别不同的气味。受过培训的鼻子，比如研究香水的专家的鼻子就能够区分1万种气味并说出其名字。Reed说，一个香水专家可以在闻完一种含有100种不同香料的现代香水后，走进实验室，列出这些成分。“一段时间过后，他调制出来的气味对于你我来说都是那种香水气味的完美复制，太不可思议了。”

随着年龄的增长，我们的嗅觉会发生什么变化？

许多人年龄增大时还会有很好的嗅觉能力。但并不都是这样。指出，一个人的嗅觉在儿童时最强，在青少年时期一直到50多岁都保持不变，女人通常从60岁、男人从65岁开始下降。“通常来说，80岁的人能闻到的东西是20岁的人能闻到的一半，”Leopold说道。

2.Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet Job

John Harrison has what must be the most wanted job in the United States. He’s the official taster for Edy’s Grand Ice Cream, one of the nation’s best-selling brands. Harrison’s taste buds are insured for $1 million. ___1___ And when he isn’t doing that, he travels, buying Edy’s in supermarkets all over the country so that he can check for perfect appearance, texture, and flavor.

After I interviewed Harrison, I realized that the life of an ice cream taster isn’t all Cookies ’n Cream — a flavor that* he invented, by the way. No, it’s extremely hard work, which requires discipline and selflessness.

For one thing, he doesn’t swallow on the job. Like a coffee taster, Harrison spits. Using a gold spoon to avoid “off” flavors, he takes a small bite and moves it around in his mouth to introduce it to all 9,000 or so taste buds. ___2___ Then he breathes in gently to bring the aroma up through the back of

his nose. Each step helps Harrison evaluate whether the ice cream has a good balance of dairy, sweetness, and added ingredients 一 the three-flavor components of ice cream. Then, even if the ice cream tastes heavenly, he puts it into a trash can. A full stomach makes it, impossible to judge the quality of the flavors.

During the workweek, Harrison told me that he has to make other sacrifices, too: no onions, garlic, or spicy food, and no caffeine. Caffeine will block the taste buds, he says, so his breakfast is a cup of herbal tea. ___3___

Harrison’s family has been in the ice cream business in one way or another1 for four generations, so Harrison has spent his entire life with it2. However, he has never lost his love for its cold, creamy sweetness. ___4___ On these occasions3, he does swallow, and he eats about a quart (0.95 liters) each week. By comparison4, the average person in the United States eats 23.2 quarts (21. 96 liters) of ice cream and other frozen dairy products each year.

Edy’s ice cream is available in dozens of flavors. So what flavor does the best-trained ice-cream taster in the country prefer? Vanilla! In fact, vanilla is the best-selling variety in the United States. ___5___ “It’s a very complex flavor,” Harrison says.

词汇：

taste bud 味蕾

texture /'tekst??/a/ n. 质地

aroma /?'r?um?/ n. 芳香

vanilla /v?'ml?/ n. 香草

注释

1. in one way or another：以某种方式,用这样或那样的方式

2. has spent his entire life with it：为此他已付出一生。spend.…with sth.：花（时间等）在某事上

3. on these occasions：在这种场合下

4. by comparison：相比之下

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